± à    ÃæÇ åçÇ áê çÐÇ ÇäÏÑÓ º · åçÇ åÍåÏ ÃÈè ÇäÙäÇ · ÇäåÄæñË èÇäåÐãÑ · Çäà The Definite article · ÇäæñÓÈÉ Nationalities and affiliations · ÇäÓÄÇä Asking questions · ÇäÇÓå ÇäÙÑÈê Arabic names ÊîàÐîãàñîÑèÇ º   Remember    ÃæÇ ÇÓåê ×ÇäÈÉ åÏêæÉ áàäàÓ×êàæ åÕÑ ÌÇåÙÉ ÊîàÙîàäàñîåèÇ º   Learn    åðàÕÑêñ ¯ É Egyptian ÃîÓãàïæ I live, reside áê in åàðæà×àîâàÉ area, region èÇäðàÏê my father êîàÙàåîàä he works ÇäÃïåàîå ÇäåàïÊàñîÍàðÏÉ United Nations èÇäðàÏîÊê my mother ÊàîÙàåîàä she works æàîáàÓ Çäà ®®® the same ... ÃîÏÑïÓ I study ÇäÃîÏîÈ literature    ÊåÑêæ ±       Drill 1    Practice using the vocabulary by filling in relevant information about yourself. Be prepared to give the information orally in class: ±à  èÇäÏê êÙåä ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ® ²à  èÇäÏÊê ÊÙåä ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ® ³à  ÃÏÑÓ áê àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ® ´à  ÇäÇåå ÇäåÊÍÏÉ áê àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ® µà  ÃÓãæ áê ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ® ¶à  ÃæÇ èÃæÊ áê æáÓ Çäà àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ® ÇðÓÊîåðÙèÇ ¯ ÔÇçðÏèÇ º Listen/Watch         Listen to the tape or watch the video as your teacher directs, then answer: 1. Who is talking? 2. What is the person talking about? ÇðÓÊîåðÙèÇ ¯ ÔÇçðÏèÇ åîÑñÉ ËÇæêɺ  Listen/Watch again         Listen/watch a second time, then fill in the information requested about the speaker: ³à  ÇäÇÓå ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ´à  ÊÓãæ áê ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà µà  ÇäèÇäÏ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ¶à  ÇäèÇäÏÉ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÇÓÊåÙèÇ èÎàîåñàðæèÇ º  Listen and guess         This time, try to guess the meaning of the following words, using context and your own general knowledge: ·à  áðàäàîÓà×àêàæàêàñÉ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ¸à  ÓàðãàÑðÊàêàÑÉ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ¹à  ÇäÃîÏîÈ ÇäÅæàÌàäêàÒêñ  ¨ ÇäÅæàãäàêàÒêñ © ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 10. Compare the prefixes of the verbs you have learned and complete the following: I    ÃîÏÑÓ ÃîÓãæ àààààààààààààààààààà he ààààààààààààààààààààààà ààààààààààààààààààààààà êîÙåàä she ààààààààààààààààààààààà ààààààààààààààààààààààà ÊîÙåàä    ÊåÑêæ ²      Drill 2 Based on what åçÇ says, match each word in (Ã) with an appropriate word in (È) :   Ã   È åààçààÇ ÇäåàÊàÍàÏÉ åÏêæÉ åÕÑê ÇäèÇäÏ ÈÑèãàäêæ åæ×âÉ ÇäÌÇåÙÉ ÇäÃÏÈ áäÓ×êàæàêàÉ ÇäèÇäÏÉ ÇäÅæàÌäêàÒê ÇäÃåå æêèêèÑã æáÓ åÕÑêÉ    ÊåÑêæ ³        Listen to åçÇ Maha on tape and fill in the blanks below. Write what you hear, but also pay attention to the context: ÃæÇ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààà åçÇ åÍåÏ ÃÈè ÇäÙäÇ ®  ÃæÇ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ¬ ÃÓãæ áê àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà æêèêèÑã  áê  ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÈÑèãäêæ ®  èÇäÏê åÕÑê ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà áê ÇäÃåàå ÇäåàÊÍàÏÉ  èààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà áäÓ×êæêÉ ÊÙåä ÓãÑÊêÑÉ áê àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà æêèêèÑã ®  ÃæÇ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà áê æáÓ ÇäÌÇåÙÉ ¬ èàààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà áêçÇ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÇäÅæÌäêÒê ® ÇäâèÇÙàÏ Grammar  ÇäåÄæË èÇäåÐãÑ  åàïÄîæàñîàË                 feminine åàïÐîãààñîÑ                 masculine Nouns and adjectives in Arabic always carry gender, either åàïÐîãàñîÑ or åàïÄîæàñîË . Arabic distinguishes between two categories of nouns: those that refer to human beings, and those that refer to non-humans. Human nouns, such as ÃÓÊÇÐ or ÓãÑÊêÑÉ , and proper names, such as åçÇ and åÍåÏ , take gender according to the gender of the person. Within the category of inanimate objects, each noun has its own gender, which does not change. There is no word for it in Arabic without gender; you must use he or she depending on what you are talking about. The gender of each word must be learned, but the form of the word itself almost always indicates whether it is åàïÐîãàñîÑ or åàïÄîæàñîË . In Unit Five of Alif Baa, you saw that the letter ¨ÊÇÁ åîÑÈè×É©  É usually indicates feminine gender. É is related to the letter Ê , and is sometimes pronounced Ê : for example, you heard åçÇ pronounce É as Ê in :  åÏêæÉ æêèêèÑã . In other cases É is not pronounced, but the áÊÍÉ that always precedes it is, as in: ÃæÇ åÕÑêñîÉ . You will learn the rule for pronouncing É as Ê soon; meanwhile, pay attention to its pronunciation in the phrases and sentences you learn. It is important to know the gender of nouns because when they are used in phrases or sentences other words must agree with them. For example, you have seen that adjectives must agree with the nouns they modify, whether in phrases, such as ÇäÃÏÈ ÇäÅæÌäêÒêñ (in which both the noun and the adjective are åÐãÑ), or in sentences, such as èÇäÏÊê áäÓ×êæêñÉ (in which both are åÄæË). Remember: É on a word almost always indicates that the word is åÄæË . The following table gives examples of ÇäåÐãÑ and ÇäåÄæË using words you know: åïÐîãñѺ çè ÃÓÊÇÐ ×ÇäÈ èÇäÏ ÓãÑÊêÑ åÕÑê åïÄîæñ˺ çê ÃÓÊÇÐÉ ×ÇäÈÉ èÇäÏÉ ÓãÑÊêÑÉ åÕÑêÉ Gender of Proper Place Names Names of cities are åïÄæñË , following the gender of the word åÏêæÉ . Foreign countries are also åÄæË . The gender of names of Arab countries must be learned:  åïàÐîãàñîÑ åïàÄîæàñîË äÈæÇæ ÊèæÓ ÇäÌÒÇÆÑ ÇäåÚÑÈ äêÈêÇ åÕÑ ÇäÃÑÏæ ÓèÑêÇ áäÓ×êæ ÇäÓèÏÇæ ÇäÓÙèÏêÉ ÇäãèêÊ ÇäÙÑÇâ ÙïåÇæ â×Ñ Çäêåæ*    ÇäÈÍÑêæ ÇäÅåÇÑÇÊ  Çäêåæ*   åèÑêÊÇæêÇ    ÊåÑêæ ´       Identify each of these human nouns and adjectives as åÄæË or åÐãÑ and write each in the appropriate column. Then give its counterpart in the other column: ÓãÑÊêÑ ×ÇäÈÉ åÕÑê ÌÏêÏÉ ÕÚêÑ ÇÓÊÇÐÉ áäÓ×êæê èÇäÏÉ Ìåêä ÏãÊèÑÉ ×èêä ÙÑÈêÉ âÕêÑ ÇæÌäêÒê ÌèÙÇæÉ    åÐãÑ åÄæË   ±à     ãÈêÑ          ãÈêÑÉ       ²à     ÊÙÈÇæ        ÊÙÈÇæÉ   ³à àààààààààààààààààààààààààà àààààààààààààààààààààààààà   ´à àààààààààààààààààààààààààà àààààààààààààààààààààààààà   µà àààààààààààààààààààààààààà àààààààààààààààààààààààààà   ¶à àààààààààààààààààààààààààà àààààààààààààààààààààààààà   ·à àààààààààààààààààààààààààà àààààààààààààààààààààààààà   ¸à àààààààààààààààààààààààààà àààààààààààààààààààààààààà   ¹à àààààààààààààààààààààààààà àààààààààààààààààààààààààà °±à àààààààààààààààààààààààààà àààààààààààààààààààààààààà ±±à àààààààààààààààààààààààààà àààààààààààààààààààààààààà ²±à àààààààààààààààààààààààààà àààààààààààààààààààààààààà ³±à àààààààààààààààààààààààààà àààààààààààààààààààààààààà ´±à àààààààààààààààààààààààààà àààààààààààààààààààààààààà µ±à àààààààààààààààààààààààààà àààààààààààààààààààààààààà ¶±à àààààààààààààààààààààààààà àààààààààààààààààààààààààà ·±à àààààààààààààààààààààààààà àààààààààààààààààààààààààà     ÊåÑêæ µ        Describe these people and objects, as in the example. You may choose from the list of adjectives below or use your own. åðËÇ亠  Example çÐç ÓêÇÑÉ ãÈêÑÉ ®   ±à   ÃæÇ ×ÇäÈÉ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ®    ¹à  çÐÇ ÔÇÑÙ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ®  ²à   èÇäÏÊê ààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ®  °±à  ÇäÃÏÈ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ® ³à   æêèêèÑã åÏêæÉ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ®  ±±à  çÐç ÚÑáÉ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ® ´à   åçÇ ÈæÊ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ®  ²±à  çÐÇ åãÊÈ  ààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ®  µà   çÐç åæ×âÉ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ®  ³±à  ÙæÏê ÓêÇÑÉ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ®  ¶à   ÃÓãæ áê ÈêÊ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ®  ´±à ¢ÈèêæÚ ·´·¢ ×ÇÆÑÉ àààààààààààààààààààààààààà ® ·à   ÌÇåÙÉ æêèêèÑã ààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ®  µ±à  çÐç ÈæÇêÉ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ®  ¸à   èÇäÏê ààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ®  ¶±à  çÐÇ ÇåÊÍÇæ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ® ãÈêÑ ÕÚêÑ ×èêä âÕêÑ åÑêÖ ÊÙÈÇæ Ìåêä ÙÑÈê èÇÓÙ ÌÏêÏ âÏêå âÑêÈ ÈÙêÏ ÕÙÈ åÕÑê     ÊåÑêæ ¶       Below is a partial list of the faculty of the Chemistry Department of ÌÇåÙÉ ÇäãèêÊ . 1. Identify the male and female faculty by writing  ÇäÏãÊèÑ or ÇäÏãÊèÑÉ before each name:   âÓå ÇäãêåêÇÁ ÇäÇÓå ÇäèØêáÉ        ÇäÏãÊèÑ Ùäê ÍÓæ â×ÑêÈ ÃÓÊÇÐ ÌèÑÌ åèÓé ÌÙæêæê ÃÓÊÇÐ êÍêé ÙÈÏ ÇäÑÍåæ Çä×æ×Çèê ÃÓÊÇРåÓÇÙÏ        ÇäÏãÊèÑÉ áÇÆÒÉ åÍåÏ ÙÈÏ ÇäåÍÓæ ÇäÎÑÇáê ÃÓÊÇРåÓÇÙÏ ÙËåÇæ åÍåÏ ÇäÏÓèâê ÃÓÊÇРåÓÇÙÏ æÌêÈ ÙÈÏ ÇäåæÙå ÙêÓé ÇäÓÇäå ÃÓÊÇРåÓÇÙÏ æÌÇÉ ÇÈÑÇçêå ÇäÔ×ê ÃÓÊÇРåÓÇÙÏ æèÑêÉ ÙÈÏ ÇäãÑêå ÇäÙèÖê ÃÓÊÇРåÓÇÙÏ åÍåÏ êÍêé åÍåÏ ÕèÇæ ÃÓÊÇРåÓÇÙÏ ÃÍåÏ Ùäê åÍåÏ Ùäê ãÑêåê åÏÑÓ æÇÏêÉ åÍåÏ ÔÙêÈ åÍåÏ ÔÙêÈ åÏÑÓ ÙÈÏ ÇäçÇÏê ÙêÓé ÈèåäêÇæ åÏÑÓ áÇ×åÉ ÙÈÏ Çääç ÌåÙÉ ÇäÙåÑÇæ åÏÑÓ ÕÇäÍ åÍåÏ ÙÈÏ ÇäÍÓêæ ÇäåèÓèê åÏÑÓ ÍêÇÉ åÍåÏ ÑáêÙ åÙÑáê åÏÑÓ ÙËåÇæ ÙÈÏ Çääç ÇäáäêÌ åÏÑÓ        åæ  ¢ÇäÏäêä ÇäÏÑÇÓê äÙÇå ·¸¹±­¹¸¹±¢ ¬ ÌÇåÙÉ ÇäãèêÊ 2. Guess the meaning of the following words from context: âðÓå  ½  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÇäèîØêáÉ  ½  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà  Çäà ®®®    The Definite article In Unit Eight of Alif Baa you learned that the article Çäà makes a noun definite, as for example: indefinite ×ÇäÈ a student corresponds to definite Çä×ÇäÈ the student. You cannot assume that all words without Çäà are indefinite, for some proper names (e.g., åÕÑ ) as well as nouns in one particular grammatical construction can be definite without it. However, you can assume that words with Çäà are definite. The use of Arabic Çäà differs from that of English the in one important respect. In English, singular nouns may be used with (a) the indefinite article a(n), as in a book, (b) the definite article the, as in the teacher, or (c) no article at all, as in literature. In general, Arabic uses Çäà for both categories (b) and (c). The following chart summarizes corresponding English and Arabic usages: ãÊÇÈ a book ÇäÃÓÊÇÐ the teacher ÇäÃÏÈ literature Use this as a rule of thumb to determine where you need to use Çäà when speaking and writing, and pay attention to the use of Çäà as given in new vocabulary.     ÊåÑêæ ·        Listen to the following list on tape, and add Çäà to the words in which you hear it. Remember to listen for ÇäÔÏñÉ that indicates the assimilation of äà when followed by ÇäÍÑèá ÇäÔåÓêÉ (for review see Alif Baa, Unit Eight). ±à ààààà ÈÇÈ   ·à ààààà âçèÉ ²à ààààà ÕÈÇÍ   ¸à ààààà åæ×âÉ ³à ààààà ÌÇåÙÉ   ¹à ààààà ÓäÇå ´à ààààà ÔÇÑÙ °±à ààààà Èæã µà ààààà èÇäÏ ±±à ààààà ÃÓÑÉ ¶à ààààà ÓèÑêÇ ²±à ààààà ×ÇäÈ     ÊåÑêæ ¸      Read the following paragraph and circle all the nouns that you think would take Çäà if you translated it into Arabic: Poetry holds a central place in Arabic culture, and this importance is reflected in the high esteem accorded poets. In ancient times, the poet was among the most important members of his tribe. He recorded the tribeÕs history and defended its honor through his descriptions of its courage and prowess. Throughout Islamic history, rulers rewarded poets handsomely for their Òpraise poems.Ó Today, poetry remains a powerful medium of political expression.  ÇäæàÓàÈàÉ     the nisba adjective ÇäæðñÓòÈÉ The word æðàÓÈÉ in grammar refers to a class of adjectives formed from nouns by adding the suffix êñ for åÐãàñÑ or êñÉ for åÄæñË . These adjectives generally indicate origin or affiliation, especially in reference to a place. You have learned several of these already: åçÇ åÕÑêñÉ ® èÇäÏê åÕÑêñ ® èÇäÏÊê áäÓ×êæêñÉ ® ÇäÇÓÊÇÐÉ ÙÑÈêñÉ ® Many nisbas are formed from place names. To form a æÓÈÉ from such a name: (1) remove Çäà and É or final êÇ ¯ Ç , if any, from the place name; then (2) add êñ to make the adjective åÐãÑ , or êñàÉ to make it åÄæË . Examples: ÃîåÑêãÇ ­­¾ ¨ ÃåÑêã ©   ­­¾ ÃåÑêãêñ  ¯  ÃåÑêàãêàñÉ ÌÇåÙÉ ­­¾ ¨ ÌÇåÙ ©   ­­¾ ÌÇåÙêñ  ¯  ÌÇåàÙàêñàÉ ÇäÃïÑÏïæ ­­¾ ¨ ÃïÑÏïæ ©   ­­¾ ÃÑÏæêñ  ¯  ÃÑÏæàêàñÉ Now practice by completing the steps for the following: áàîÑæàÓàÇ ­­¾ àààààààààààààààààààà ­­¾ ààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÇäåàîàãÓêã ­­¾ àààààààààààààààààààà ­­¾ ààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÇäÕñèåÇä ­­¾ àààààààààààààààààààà ­­¾ ààààààààààààààààààààààààà     ÊåÑêæ ¹        In formal Arabic, the ÔÏÉ on the nisba ending êñ is clearly pronounced, but in spoken Arabic it is not normally pronounced in the masculine. Learn to recognize both variants. Listen and compare: åÐãÑ     åÄæË formal  ¯  spoken ÇäÇÓÊÇРåÕÑêñ  ¯ åÕÑê ÇäÇÓÊÇÐÉ åÕÑêñÉ  ÇäÇÓÊÇРÓàèÑêñ  ¯ ÓèÑê  ÇäÇÓÊÇÐÉ ÓèÑêñÉ ÇäÇÓÊÇРäÈæÇæêñ  ¯ äÈæÇæê ÇäÇÓÊÇÐÉ äÈæÇæêñÉ ÇäÇÓÊÇРåîÚÑðÈêñ  ¯ åÚÑÈê ÇäÇÓÊÇÐÉ åÚÑÈêñÉ     ÊåÑêæ °±        Identify the nationality or affiliation of the following people, places and things: åËÇäº     çÐç ×ÇÆÑÉ ÃåÑêãêÉ ®  ¨ÃåÑêãÇ©   ±à  ÃæÇ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ® ¨ÈÑê×ÇæêÇ©   ²à  çÐç ÃÓÊÇÐÉ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ® ¨ÇäÌÒÇÆðÑ©   ³à  ¢æêãè䢠ÈæÊ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ® ¨áÑæÓÇ©   ´à  ¢ÑÇÌ¢ ÑÌä ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ® ¨ÇäçàðæÏ©   µà  çÐç âçèÉ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ® ¨ÊàïÑãêÇ©   ¶à  ¢ÑêÊÔÇÑÏ¢ ÏãÊèÑ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ® ¨ÇèÓÊÑÇäêÇ©   ·à  ×èãêè åÏêæÉ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ® ¨ÇäêÇÈÇæ©   ¸à  Óîäåé ×ÇäÈÉ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ® ¨ÇäÈÇãÓÊÇæ©   ¹à  åçÇ ×ÇäÈÉ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ® ¨ÌÇåÙÉ© °±à  áÇÓ åÏêæÉ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ® ¨ÇäåÚÑÈ©     ÊåÑêæ ±±            Give the nationalities of the people in the preceding map as in the example: åËÇ亠 ±à  ÃáÔêæ   ÅêÑÇæê ²à  äàîêàäàé àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà   ·à  ÙîèîÖ  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ³à  åàïæàé àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà   ¸à  ÙîÈÏ ÇäÍîåêÏ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ´à  ÎÇäðàÏÉ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà   ¹  áÇ×ðåÉ  ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà µà  ÙîÈÏ Çääàñç ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà °±à  ÌîåêäÉ  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ¶à  áàîÊàÍêàÉ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ±±à  ÅÏÑêÓ  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà  ÇäÓÄÇä    Asking Questions Arabic has two main types of questions: 1. Questions that are answered yes or no, such as: ÍÖÑÊã åÕÑêÉ¿ . 2. Questions that request information such as who, what, where, when, why and how, for example:  Ãêæ ÊÓãæ åçÇ¿ . 1. Yes/ No Questions These are questions that require an answer of either æàîÙàîå ¯ ¢Ãîêèîç¢ yes or äÇ no. Unlike English, which uses auxiliary verbs like do/does and is/are to form such questions, Arabic forms questions using the same word order and structure as in statements. In other words, there is very little difference between statements and yes/no questions in Arabic. In most varieties of spoken Arabic, this difference is usually signalled by intonation. In formal Arabic, yes/no questions are introduced by the particle çàîàä . The following examples illustrate the similar structure of statements and yes/no questions in spoken Arabic. Listen to the difference in intonation on tape:  åçÇ åÕÑêÉ ®    Ñ¾    åçÇ åÕÑêÉ ¿    ÃæÊ ×ÇäÈÉ ®     Ñ¾    ÃæÊ ×ÇäÈÉ ¿ As in many languages, falling intonation generally indicates a statement, whereas rising intonation usually signals a question. The exact intonation of an Arabic sentence or question depends on the dialect region. Listen to and imitate the speech of your teacher and native speakers you know. çàîàä ®®®¿ In formal Arabic, yes/no questions are indicated by the interrogative word çàîàä (no English equivalent). Thus in formal contexts you will hear or read the following variants of the examples above:  çàîàä åçÇ åÕÑêÉ ¿ çä ÃæÊ ×ÇäÈÉ ¿ 2. Information Questions These questions request specific information such as who, what, when, where, and why. Learn the following interrogative particles:  åÇ ¿ What? (in questions without verbs) åÇÐÇ ¿ What? (in questions using verbs) åîæ ¿ Who? Ãîêæî ¿ Where? åðàæ Ãêæî ¿ From where? ãàîêáî ¿ How? These words are placed at the beginning of the question, as these examples show:  åÇ çÐÇ ¿  ¯  åÇ çÐç ¿  åÇÐÇ ÊÙåä ¿ åîæ åçÇ ¿ Ãêæ ÊÓãæ ¿ åðæ Ãêæ ÃæÊ ¿ ãêá æâèä ¿    ÊåÑêæ ²±        Ask the right question! Choose the appropriate interrogative to complete: ±à  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÃæÊ êÇ åÇÌÏÉ ¿   ­­  ÃæÇ åæ åÏêæÉ ÈÚÏÇÏ ® ²à  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÃæÊ ÓèÑêñÉ¿  ­­   äÇ ¬ ÃæÇ áäÓ×êæêñÉ ®   ³à åæ áÖäã ¬ ààààààààààààààààààààààààà åãÊÈ ÇäÏãÊèÑ ÓÇåê ÇäÎèÑê¿  ­­  áê çÐç ÇäÈæÇêÉ ® ´à  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààà çê¿   ­­  çê ÇäÇÓÊÇÐÉ ÇäÌÏêÏÉ ® µà  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÊÓãæ êÇ Ùäê¿  ­­  ÃÓãæ áê ÔÇÑÙ ÈèÑ ÓÙêÏ ® ¶à  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÊÏÑÓ áê ÇäÌÇåÙÉ¿   ­­  ÃÏÑÓ ÇäÃÏÈ ® ·à  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààà çÐç ¿   ­­   çÐç âçèÉ ÙÑÈêÉ ® ¸à  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààà êÙåä èÇäÏ ÃÍåÏ ¿   ­­   çè ÏãÊèÑ ® ¹à  åæ áÖäã êÇ ÃÓÊÇР¬ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààà æâèä "bathroom" ÈÇäÙÑÈêÉ¿  ­­  ¢ÍîåñÇ墮    ÊåÑêæ ³±      æÔÇ× âÑÇÁÉ 1. Skim the following article, looking for familiar words and names. What is this? 2. Skim again, and circle everything you recognize. 3. Guess the meaning of the following words from the context: ÌÒêÑÉ  ààààààààààààààààààààààààààà æçÑ  ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÇäèäÇêÇÊ ÇäåÊÍÏÉ ÇäÇåÑêãêÉ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà æêèêèÑã º åÏêæÉ ¨944 ãå² åÙ ÇäåÓ×Í ÇäåàÇÆê è´¸¹¬±¸·¬· æÓåÉ© ¬ Ì â èäÇêÉ æêèêèÑã ¬ ãÈÑé åÏæ ÇäèäÇêÇÊ ÇäåÊÍÏÉ ÇäÃåÑêãêÉ ¬ Ùäé ÎäêÌ æêèêèÑã ¬ ÙæÏ åÕÈ æçÑ çÏÓæ ® ÊÊÃäá åæ ÎåÓÉ ÇâÓÇå º åæçÇÊæ ¬ èÈÑèæãÓ ¨Ô åæçÇÊæ© ¬ èãèêæÒ ¨Ú ÌÒêÑÉ äèæÌ ÇêäæÏ© ¬ èÈÑèãäêæ ¬ èÑêÊÔåèæÏ Ùäé ÌÒêÑÉ ÓÊÇÊæ ® èÊÑÊÈ× çÐç ÇäÃâÓÇå ÈÙÏÉ ÌÓèÑ èÃæáÇâ ® èÊÔåä åæ×âÉ ÇäåêÊÑèÈèäêÊÇæ ¨°°° °°° ´± æÓåÉ©¬ åæÇ×â ÕæÇÙêÉ èÇÎÑé ääÇâÇåÉ áê Ì â æêèêèÑã ¬ è Ô â æêèÌÑÓê ¬ èÌ Ú ãèæêãÊêãêÊ ¬ ãåÇ ÊÔåä åÑáàáÇÎÑÇ êÙÏ åæ ÇÙØå åèÇæÆ ÇäÙÇäå èÙâÏÉ Î×è× ÍÏêÏêÉ èÌèêÉ ® èçê ÇäåÑãÒ ÇäÊÌÇÑê èÇäåÇäê ääèäÇêÇÊ ÇäåÊÍÏÉ ® ÈçÇ ÕæÇÙÇÊ ãËêÑÉ èÎÇÕÉ ÇäÓäÙ ÇäÇÓÊçäÇãêÉ ®     åæ  ÇäåèÓèÙÉ ÇäËâÇáêÉ ¬  Ï® ÍÓêæ ÓÙêÏ      åÄÓÓÉ áÑÇæãäêæ ¬ ÏÇÑ ÇäÔÙÈ ¬ ÇäâÇçÑÉ 1972 ÇäËàâàÇáàÉ  Culture Arabic Names An ArabÕs name tells more about his or her family than an AmericanÕs name. There are two common formats for Arab names: åîàçàÇ åïÍåñÏ ÃÈè ÇäÙðäÇ  åàçàÇ åÍåÏ êèÓïá In the first, MahaÕs full name, åçÇ is the given name, åÍåÏ is the fatherÕs first name, and ÇÈè ÇäÙäÇ is the family name. The second format is used in official documents in Egypt in particular, and consists of the given name, the fatherÕs first name, and the paternal grandfather's first name. These modern names are shorter versions of the traditional form of Arab names: Ùîäê Èæ ÇäÙîÈñÇÓ Èæ ÌÑêÌ  ¨ÇÈæ ÇäÑèåê© This is the name of a famous poet of the ninth century. As you can see, the fatherÕs and subsequent ancestral names are separated by ÇÈæ son (of) (spelled without the alif in between two names). In addition to these genealogical names, people were usually identified by city of birth, by tribe, or by a nickname designating a particular attribute. This poet is known as Ibn al-Rumi, because of his Byzantine background (Ñèåêñ means Byzantine, nisba from Ñèå). Most Arab women do not legally take the name of their husbands when they marry. (In some areas, they may be addressed socially by their husbandsÕ names.) Maha's mother, åîàäàîàã, retains the name of her father and family for life: åîàäîààã ×ÇçðÑ ÏîÑèêàÔ Also, note that not all female names end in É . As you learn more names, you will learn to recognize which names are masculine and which are feminine. As in English, a few names may be either gender, such as èîáÇÁ and ÕîÈÇÍ . Stereotypical portrayals of Arabs sometimes include characters named Abdul; however, in Arabic, this is only half a name. The word ÙîÈÏ servant of must be followed by another word, usually an attribute of God, in order to constitute a proper name. You may have heard some of the following examples: ÙÈÏ ÇäÌîÈñÇÑ ÙÈÏ ÇäÍîãêå ÙÈÏ Çääàñç ÙÈÏ ÇäâÇÏðÑ In conversation, Arabs tend to address and refer to each other by their first names, preceded by a title unless they are close friends. For example, MahaÕs father would be addressed at work as: ÇäÏãÊèÑ åÍåÏ . In introductions and formal settings, both names may be used: ÇäÏãÊèÑ åÍåÏ ÃÈè ÇäÙäÇ . It is unusual for anyone to be addressed by title and last name only.     ÊåÑêæ ´±      æÔÇ× âÑÇÁÉ  On the following page is part of a society section of an Arabic magazine. Skim it and find: 1. the word for groom :______________ 2. the word for bride : ______________ 3. the title used for men ______________ 4. the title used for women _____________ 5. choose one couple, and identify for each person: given name, fatherÕs name, and family name Now read the text again, and find three examples each of: Male Names Female Names Family names æÇÓ  è  æÇÓ ÇäÙÑèÓ º  ÇäÂæÓÉ åæé ÙÈÏ ÇäåÑÖé ÇäÙÑèÓ º  ÇäÂæÓÉ Ãåä Ùäé ÔÍÇÊÉ ÇäÙÑêÓ º  ÇäÃÓÊÇРåÍåÏ ÇäãÑÏé ÇäÙÑêÓ º  ÇäÃÓÊÇРçÔÇå ÙÈÏ ÇäâÇÏÑ ÈãêÑ ÇäÙÑèÓ º  ÇäÂæÓÉ ÇÈÊÓÇå ÓÙêÏ ÖÇçÑ ÇäÙÑèÓ º  ÇäÂæÓÉ ÙÒÉ ÑÒêâÉ ÇäÙÑêÓ º  ÇäÃÓÊÇРåÕ×áé åÍåèÏ ÃÍåÏ ÇäÙÑêÓ º  ÇäÃÓÊÇРÃÍåÏ ÇäÔæÇèé ÇäÙÑèÓ º  ÇäÂæÓÉ èÓÇå ÍÓêæ Èêèåé ÇäÙÑèÓ º  ÇäÂæÓÉ ãÑêåÉ çÇÔå ÇäÙÑêÓ º  ÇäÃÓÊÇРáÊÍé ÙÈÏ ÇäÑÄèá åÍåèÏ ÇäÙÑêÓ º  ÇäÃÓÊÇРåÍåÏ Íæáé åÍåèÏ      åæ åÌäÉ ÃãÊèÈÑ ÇäÙÏÏ µ´¸ ­ ÇäÃÍÏ ³ êæÇêÑ ¨ãÇæèæ ÇäËÇæê© ³¹¹±   ÊåÑêæ µ±       æÔÇ× åÍÇÏËÉ   You are in Cairo, and have been invited to attend a wedding. Since you will meet many people whom you do not know, practice making polite conversation with your classmates to prepare for the event. If you meet someone from the brideÕs or groomÕs family, be sure to say åîÈÑèã ¡ congratulations!    ÊåÑêæ ¶±       æÔÇ× ãÊÇÈÉ  To go to Cairo, you will need a visa. Information you may be asked to provide includes the following. Complete: ÇäÇÓå º àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÇÓå ÇäèÇäÏ º  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÇÓå ÇäèÇäÏÉ º  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÇäÓãæ º   ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÇäÙåä º    ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà Ñâå ÇäÊäêáèæ ¨ÇäçÇÊá©  ÇäåãÊÈ º  ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà        ÇäÈêÊ  º  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà