·± à   ãä ÙÇå èÃæÊå ÈàÎêÑ¡ áê çÐÇ ÇäÏÑÓ º · ÑåÖÇæ · ÇäÇÓå ÇäåÌÑèÑ èÇäåÑáèÙ èÇäåæÕèÈ · ÇäâÑÂæ ÇäãÑêå  · ÇäÍÏêË ÇäæÈèê ÊÐãÑèÇ º    ÙÇå Ãèñä ÔçÑ ÇäÐê ÈÏÃæÇ ÇäÇÓÊÙÏÇÏ äàð ÃãËÑ ÊáÙä ÅÙÏÇÏ ÃåñÇ ®® áàî èÕä ÈÑæÇåÌ ÅÐ Çäæèå åÊÃÎÑëÇ ÈÙÏ ÇäØçÑ ÃÓçÑ ¢ÇäÍÓêæ¢ äæ ÇäÎÑèÌ ÊÙäåèÇ º    ÈàðÎîêÑ well, fine (said of people only) ãä ÙÇå èÃæÊå ÈÎêÑ (greeting used on holidays, birthdays, etc.) ÇðÌàòÊàîåàîÙàîÊ ¨ ÊîÌòàÊîåðÙ ¬ ÇäåÕÏѺ ÇäÇðÌòàÊðåÇÙ © it met, gathered ÇäÅá×ÇÑ   ÑåÖÇæ meal breaking fast in ÇðÙàòÊÇÏîÊ Ãæò ¨ ÊîàÙÊàÇÏ Ãæò © it got used to, accustomed to ÃîÔàòÑîáàîÊ Ùäé ¨ ÊïÔÑðá Ùäé ¬ ÇäåÕÏѺ ÇäÅÔÑÇá © she supervised ÇðæàòÔàîÚàîäàîÊ Èàð ¨ ÊàîæàòÔÚðàä Èà ¬ ÇäåÕÏѺ ÇäÇðæÔðÚÇä© she became occupied with Çä×àîÈàòΠ¨ ×àîÈàîÎî ¬ êî×ÈàïΠ© to cook, cooking ÊîèîäàñîÊ ¨ ÊîÊîèäàñé © she undertook (e.g., a job) âàîåîÑ ÇäÏêæ a dessert made from apricots ÇäãàïæÇáÉ a kind of pastry êîÎàòÊàîäàðá Ùæ ¨ ÇðÎÊîàäàîáî Ù欠ÇäåÕÏѺ ÇäÇðÎÊðäÇá © it differs from ÈîàâðàêñÉ    the rest, remainder of Ãâèå ¨ âàïåÊï ¬ ÇäåÕÏѺ ÇäâðàêàÇå © I get up åïàÓîàäàòÓîàä  Ì® ­ÇÊ series, serial (on T.V.) åîâçîé  Ì®  åâÇçí ¯ ÇäåâÇçê cafe ÍîàÊñé until ÇäÓñïÍèÑ  ÑåÖÇæ meal eaten before dawn during ÕîÍêáÉ  Ì®  ÕïàÍïàá   ÌÑêÏÉ êîÈÏè Ãæñ it appears, seems that ÇÓÊåÙèÇ ¯ ÔÇçÏèÇ º       ±à  äåÇÐÇ êâèä ÎÇäÏ ¢ãä ÙÇå èÇæÊå ÈÎêÑ¢¿ ²à  åÇÐÇ ÊáÙä ÇäÙÇÆäÉ ãä ÓæÉ áê ÑåÖÇæ¿ ÇÓÊåÙèÇ ¯ ÔÇçÏèÇ åÑÉ ËÇæêɺ       ³à  åîæ êÐãàïÑ ÎÇäÏ çæÇ¿  åÇÐÇ êáÙäèæ¿ Ãà     àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà  ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà È à  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà  ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà Ìà à  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà  ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÇÓÊåÙèÇ ¯ ÔÇçÏèÇ åÑÉ ËÇäËɺ       ´à  åÇ çè ÈÑæÇåÌ ÎÇäÏ áê ÑåÖÇæ¿ Ã à  ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà çà à  ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà È à ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà è à   ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà Ìà à ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà Ò à   êæÇå Ï à  ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà µà  áê ÑÃêã ¬ äåÇÐÇ êâèä ÎÇäÏ Åæñç äæ êÓÊ×êÙ Ãæ êÎÑÌ åÙ ÃÕÏâÇÆç áê ÑåÖÇæ çÐç       ÇäÓæÉ¿ ÇÓÊåÙèÇ èÊÙäñåèÇ º       Write what you hear ÎÇäÏ say: ¶à  ààààààààààààààààààààà ÒèÌÉ Ùåê ÃÍåÏ ààààààààààààààààààààà èÕä åæ ÃÈè ØÈê åæРêèåêæ ¬ àààààààààààààààààààààààààà        ÊèäàñÊ ÅÙÏÇÏ âåÑ ÇäÏêæ èÇäãæÇáÉ ® 7. Remember that the connector ÃåÇ ®® áà signals a change of topic. What is the new topic here? 8. You also heard the word âàîÏ , which is a particle used in ÇäáÕÍé to emphasize that an event has taken place. âÏ is followed by ÇäåÇÖê when it functions this way and may be preceded by áà or äàîà (an emphatic particle). Other examples: äâÏ ÊÚêñÑÊ ÍêÇÊæÇ ãËêÑëÇ áê ÇäÓæèÇÊ ÇäÃÎêÑÉ ® ãÇæÊ ÇäÍáäÉ áÙäÇë ÌåêäÉ ¡  áâÏ ÑâÕæÇ èÃãäæÇ èÓçÑæÇ ÍÊé ÇäÕÈÇÍ ® äå Ããæ ÃÙÑá Ãæ ÇäÔÑãÉ âÏ áÕäÊç ®    ÊåÑêæ ±       ÃèÒÇæ ÇäáÙä Study the following groups of sentences and determine how the underlined words in each set are related in meaning and ÌÐÑ : ±à  Ã  à  Ãâèå åæ Çäæèå ÙÇÏÉë áê ÇäËÇåæÉ ÕÈÇÍëÇ ® È à  ãä Õêá æÙèÏ Åäé æáÓ Çäåæ×âÉ äâÖÇÁ Ù×äÊæÇ ® Ìà à  åÊé ÓÃÙÊÇÏ Ùäé ÇäãäÇå èÇäâÑÇÁÉ ÈÇäÙÑÈêÉ ¿ ²à  Ã  à  ×èÇä ÇäÃÓÈèÙ ÇäåÇÖê ÇæÔÚäÊ ÈèÇäÏÊê äÃæçÇ åÑêÖÉ ® È à  ÚÖÈ ÒèÌçÇ åæçÇ äÃæçÇ åÔÚèäÉ ÈÃèäÇÏçÇ Ùæç ® Ìà à  ÃæÇ åçæÏÓÉ ¬ èÃÍÈ ÔÚäê ãËêÑëÇ  ®  Ï à  Ãêæ ÊÔÊÚäêæ ¿   ­   ÃÔÊÚä áê åãÊÈ ÓêÇÍÉ ®     ÊåÑêæ ²       ÇãÊÈèÇ ÇäãäåÉ ÇäåæÇÓÈÉ áê ÇäáÑÇÚ º Çä×ÈÎ ÈÎêÑ êÈÏè ÇäåÓäÓäÇÊ ÊáÙäêæ ÇäÍÑêÉ Çäåâçé ÍÊñé ÇæÔÚäæÇ ÊÎÊäá êÌÊåÙ êåäãèæ ÇÙÊÇÏèÇ êÔÑá ÇäÙÇå ÈâêÉ ÇäÓÍèÑ ÇäÕÍá ÇäÅá×ÇÑ âåÊ   ±à  ÓêæÊâäèæ Åäé ÇäÔâÉ ÇäÌÏêÏÉ áê åæÊÕá àààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÇäâÇÏå ®   ²à  ÅÎèÊê êÍÈñèæ åÔÇçÏÉ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÇäÊäêáÒêèæêÉ ÇäåÕÑêÉ ®   ³à  ÓçÑÊ ãËêÑëÇ äêäÉ ÃåÓ èäÐäã ààààààààààààààààààààààà åæ Çäæèå áê ÓÇÙÉ åÊÃÎÑÉ çÐÇ ÇäÕÈÇÍ ®   ´à  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÇäÙÑÈêÉ ÇäáÕÍé Ùæ ÇäÙÇåñêÉ áê ÈÙÖ ÇäãäåÇÊ èÇäâèÇÙÏ ®   µà  èÇäÏÊê åÔÚèäÉ ÌÏëÇ áê ÇäÙåä çÐç ÇäÃêÇå èäÐäã âÑñÑÊ Ãæò ÃÓÇÙÏçÇ áê àààààààààààààààààààààààààà           èÔÚä ÇäÈêÊ ®   ¶à  ÈÙÏ ÓæÉ åæ ÇäÏÑÇÓɬ Çä×äÇÈ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà  Ãæ êÊãäåèÇ èêâÑÃèÇ ÈÇääÚÉ ÇäÙÑÈêÉ ®   ·à  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààà Ãæñ ÍêÇÊçå ÈÏÃÊ ÊÓÊâÑñ ÃÎêÑëÇ ®   ¸à  áê ÔçÑ ÑåÖÇæ ææÇå âäêäÇë âÈä  ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ®   ¹à  ãä êèå ¬ êæÒä ÌÏê Åäé ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÍêË êâÖê ÇäÕÈÇÍ áê âÑÇÁÉ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààà          èÇäåÌäÇÊ ® °±à  ×èÇä ÇäÇÓÈèÙ ÇäåÇÖê àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÈÇäÇÓÊÙÏÇÏ ääÇæÊâÇä Åäé ÇäÔâÉ ÇäÌÏêÏÉ ® ±±à  åÇÐÇ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÙÇÏÉë ÈÙÏ ÇäÙèÏÉ Åäé ÇäÈêÊ ¿ ²±à  áê ÇäÙÇäå ÇäÙÑÈꬠ ààààààààààààààààààààààààà ãä ÃáÑÇÏ ÇäÙÇÆäÉ åÑñÉ áê ÇäÇÓÈèÙ ÙÇÏÉë ® ³±à  ãÇæÊ ÌÏÊê åÑêÖÉ ÌÏëÇ èäãæçÇ ÇäÂæ ààààààààààààààààààààààààà èÇäÍåÏ ääç ¡ ´±à  êèå ÇäÌåÙÉ êÕÍè ÎÇäÏ áê ÇäÓÇÙÉ ÇäÙÇÔÑÉ ÕÈÇÍëǬ ÃåÇ áê àààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÇäÇêÇå áçè        êÕÍè áê ÇäÓÇÏÓÉ èÇäæÕá ® µ±à  êÌÈ Ãæ ÃÊãäå åÙ ÇäÇÓÊÇРÇäÐê àààààààààààààààààààààààààààà Ùäé ÏÑÇÓÊê ® ¶±à  Çäêèå ÓæÓçÑ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÇäÓÇÙÉ ÇäèÇÍÏÉ äæÔÇçÏ áêäåÇ áê ÇäÊäêáÒêèæ ®    ÊåÑêæ ³       ÇÓÊåÙèÇ Åäé ÎÇäÏ èÇãÊÈèÇ åÇ êâèä º    ãä ÙÇå èÃæÊå ÈÎêÑ ¡  ÃåÓ ãÇæ àààààààààààààààààààààà ÃêÇå ÔçÑ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÇäÐê ÈÏÃæÇ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà äç åæРààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà åæ ÃÓÈèÙ ®  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ãä ÇäÙÇÆäÉ Ùäé ÇäÇá×ÇÑ ãåÇ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà Ãæ ÊáÙä ãä ÓæÉ ¬  ÃÔÑáÊ ÌÏÊê Ùäé àààààààààààààààààààààààààà ãä ÔêÁ ®  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÙåÊê áÇ×åÉ èÒèÌÉ Ùåê ÙÇÏä åæРÇäÕÈÇÍ Èà àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ¬ ÃåÇ ÒèÌÉ Ùåê ÃÍåÏ ÇäÐê ààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ààààààààààààààààààà ÃÈè ØÈê åæРËäÇËÉ ÃêÇå ¬  áâÏ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÅÙÏÇÏ âåÑÇäÏêæ èÇäãæÇáÉ ® ÈÑæÇåÌê áê ÑåÖÇæ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ààààààààààààààààààà ÈâêÉ ÔçèÑÇäÓæÉ ¬  ÅР ààààààààààààààààààààààààààà àààààààààààààààààààà Çäæèå åÊÃÎÑëÇ èÃæÇå ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÈÙÏ ÇäØçÑ® ÈÙÏ ÇäÇá×ÇÑ æÔÇçÏ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÇäÊäêáÒêèæê ¬  Ëå ÃæÒä äà àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà  åÙ ÃÕÏâÇÆê  áê ÇäÍÓêæ Ãè Ùäé Çäåâçé ÍÊé ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ¬  ÈÙÏ ÇäÓÍèÑ ÃâÑàààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà è ÃæÇå ¬  äãæ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà äæ ÇÓÊ×êÙ çÐÇ ÇäÙÇå ÇäÎÑèÌ èààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà åÙ ÃÕÏâÇÆê ®    ÊåÑêæ ´       ÇÓÃäèÇ ÒåäÇÁãå º ±à  åÊé ÊÌÊåÙ ãä ÙÇÆäÇÊçå ¿  åÇÐÇ êáÙäèæ ¿ ²à  åÊé êâèåèæ åæ Çäæèå áê æçÇêÉ ÇäÃÓÈèÙ ¿ ³à  åÇÐÇ êÍÈèæ Ãæ ê×ÈÎèÇ ¿ ´à  ãå åâçéë áê åæ×âÉ ÇäÌÇåÙÉ Ãè ÇäÈêÊ ¿        åÇ çè åâçÇçå ÇäåáÖä ¬ èäåÇÐÇ ¿ µà  åÇ ÇÓå ÇäÇÓÊÇШɩ ÇäÐê êÔÑá Ùäé ÏÑÇÓÊçå ¿        ãå åÑñÉ êÌÊåÙèæ Èç ¯ ÈçÇ áê ÇäáÕä ÇäÏÑÇÓê¿ ¶à  çä êÎÊäáèæ åÙ ÃÎèÊçå ¯ÃÕÏâÇÆçå áê ÇäÑÃê ¿  áê Ãê åèÇÖêÙ ¿ ÇäâèÇÙÏ In this section, we will examine the functions of the cases ÇäåÌÑèÑ , ÇäåÑáèÙ , and ÇäåæÕèÈ and practice identifying nouns that are marked with them in written texts. You are not expected to digest all of this information at once, but you will learn best by practicing, so we will lay out here all of the rules you need to know to begin and then start you practicing the endings in contexts of sentences.  For the present, we will ignore all proper names and avoid marking plurals of certain ÃèÒÇæ because the rules for marking them differ slightly. We will also ignore nouns that end in Ç or é , since they do not take these endings. Like final ê in the possessive pronoun àê my..., these vowels swallow up the case endings. We will begin with ÇäÇÓå ÇäåÌÑèÑ because it has the highest frequency among the three cases, and also because its rules override the rules of the other two cases.  ÇäÇÓå ÇäåÌÑèÑ  ÊÐãÑèǺ Çä×ÇäÈð ×ÇäÈàðçð ×ÇäÈí          ¨Çäà©×ÇäÈîêæ     ¨Çäà©åÕÑêêæ The first grammatical case that we will examine is called ÇäÌÑñ , and a noun that is so marked is called ÇäÇÓå ÇäåÌÑèÑ . A noun that is åÌÑèÑ takes one of the endings listed above depending on whether it is definite, indefinite, ÌåÙ åÐãÑ , or åËæé . Review these åÌÑèÑ endings, and remember the effect of ààð on pronoun suffixes containing àçï . This case ending marks: (1) the object of a preposition, or (2) the possessive relationship of one noun to another. Thus, all nouns and adjectives in prepositional phrases, and all nouns except the first in an ÅÖÇáÉ take this ending. (The first noun in an ÅÖÇáÉ takes its case according to what precedes it or what role it plays in the sentence; thus it can be åÌÑèÑ if preceded by a preposition.) Study the following examples of nouns and adjectives marked as åÌÑèÑ and see if you can give the reason for each ending: ±à  åçÇ èäêäé ÊÐçÈÇæ Çäé áÕäàðçàðåàÇ åÙëÇ ® ´à  ÎÇäÏ êÌäÓ åÙ ÃÕÏâÇÆðàçð ® ²à  åãÊÈ ÇäÇÓÊÇÐð áê Çä×ÇÈâð ÇäÃèäð ®   µà  æÏÑÓ ÙÇÏÉë áê ÇäåãÊÈÉð ® ³à  ÃåÓ ÊÙÑñáÊï Ùäé ×ÇäÈí ÌÏêÏí áê å×Ùåð ÇäÌÇåÙÉð ® ¶à  êÌÈ ÔÑÇÁ ÈÙÖð ÇäåäÇêÇÊð ®    ÊåÑêæ µ         Identify which words are åÌÑèÑ and mark the correct ending where appropriate:   ±à  ÓêæÊâä ÎÇäÏ Åäé ÚÑáÉ ÙÇÏä ®   ²à  ÊÙÑáÊ Ùäé Çä×äÇÈ Çäâ×Ñêêæ ÇäÐêæ êÓãæèæ çæÇ ®   ³à  ÒèÌÉ Ùåñê ÊîèîäàîñÊ ÅÙÏÇÏ âåÑ ÇäÏêæ èÇäãæÇáÉ ®   ´à  äÇ ÊÓåÍ äðàÈæÊçÇ ÈÇäÐçÇÈ Åäé ÈêÊ ÒåêäçÇ ®   µà  ÈÑæÇåÌê áê ÇäÕêá êÎÊäá Ùæ ÈÑæÇåÌê áê ÇäÔÊÇÁ ®   ¶à  ÇæÊâäèÇ Åäé åæ×âÉ ¢ÇäåÙÇÏꢠáê ÇäâÇçÑÉ ®   ·à  ÈÙÏ ÇäÇæÊçÇÁ åæ Ùåäç ÐçÈ Åäé ÇäæÇÏê åÙ ÇËæêæ åæ ÃÕÏâÇÆç ®   ¸à  êÔÙÑ ÈÇäÚÑÈÉ áê çÐÇ ÇäåãÇæ ®   ¹à  áê ÇäÓÇÙÉ ÇäÑÇÈÙÉ ÓÃãèæ ÃåÇåî ÍåñÇå ÇäÓÈÇÍÉ ®  ÇäÇÓå ÇäåÑáèÙ  ÊÐãÑèǺ Çä×ÇäÈï       ×ÇäÈì ¨Çäà©×ÇäÈÇæ ¨Çäà©åÕÑêèæ This case is called ÇäÑñîáÙ , and a noun that is so marked is called ÇÓå åÑáèÙ . A noun that is åÑáèÙ takes one of the endings listed above depending on whether it is definite, indefinite, åËæé or ÌåÙ åÐãÑ . This case is used to mark: (1) ÇäáÇÙðä  (subject of the verb)  in  ÇäÌåäÉ ÇäáÙäêÉ ,  and (2) ÇäåÈÊÏàèÇäÎÈÑ  in ÇäÌåäÉ ÇäÇÓåêÉ except when ÇäÎÈÑ consists of a prepositional phrase, such as áê ÇäÌÇåÙÉ , because, as you saw above, prepositional phrases are marked åÌÑèÑ . Study the following examples of ÇäÇÓå ÇäåÑáèÙ and figure out the reason for each ending: ±à  ÒèÌÊàïçï äÈæÇæêÉì ® ²à  èÇäÏïçÇ åÏêÑì ãÈêÑì áê Êäã ÇäÔÑãÉ ® ³à  ÊÓåÍ äæÇ èÇäÏÊàïæÇ ÈÇäÎÑèÌ ® ´à  Êãäå ÇäÇÓÊÇÐï ÃåÓ Ùæ ÊÌÑÈÊðç áê ÇäÊÏÑêÓ ® Identifying nouns in ÇäåÌÑèÑ case is relatively easy, because all you need to look for is prepositions and ÅÖÇáÇÊ . In order to identify nouns in ÇäåÑáèÙ , however, you must pay attention to the meaning of the entire sentence in order to find ÇäáÇÙä or ÇäåÈÊÏà and ÇäÎÈÑ .     ÊåÑêæ ¶       Review the structure of ÇäÌåäÉ ÇäÇÓåêÉ by identifying ÇäåÈÊÏà and ÇäÎÈÑ in each sentence. Underline the words that should be marked åÑáèÙ : ±à  åÙØå ÇäÕèÑ ÇäÊê ÑÓåÊçÇ ÌêÏÉ ® ´à  áê Çä×ÇÈâ ÇäËÇæê åãÇÊÈ ÅÏÇÑêÉ ® ²à  ãÑÉ ÇäâÏå èÇÍÏÉ åæ çèÇêÇÊê ÇäåáÖàñäÉ ®   µà  äê ÃÕÏâÇÁ ãËêÑèæ áê ÇäâÇçÑÉ ® ³à  ÇäÈêÊ ÇäÐê ÃÓãæ áêç ÕÚêÑ ® ¶à  ÙæÏçÇ ÕÇÍÈ åæ ÃÕä ÙÑÈê ®     ÊåÑêæ ·        Study these sentences and explain the endings that are marked: ±à  Ùåñï åçÇ ÖÇÈ×ì ãÈêÑì áê ÇäÌêÔð ® ²à  Çæâ×ÙîÊ ÇäÙäÇâÉï Èêæçå ÈÙÏ èâÊí âÕêÑí ® ³à  çæÇã ÃåÑêãêèæî ãËêÑèæî åæ ÃÕäí ÙÑÈêíñ ® ´à  äàçÇ ÇÈæï Ùåíñ êÓãæï áê ÇäãèêÊ ® µà  ÊÊãèñæï åÏêæÉï æêèêèÑã åæ ÎåÓÉð ÃâÓÇåí ãÈêÑÉí ®     ÊåÑêæ ¸       Mark all of the appropriate åÌÑèÑ and åÑáèÙ endings in these sentences: ±à  ÌÏÉ ÎÇäÏ ÊÙêÔ åÙçå ® µà  áê ÇäåãÊÈÉ åÌäÇÊ ãËêÑÉ ® ²à  ÍÏêâÉ ÈêÊçå ÌåêäÉ ÌÏÇ ®  ¶à  êÌêÁ ÃâÇÑÈæÇ äàÒêÇÑÊæÇ ãä ÓæÉ ® ³à  ÊÈÏàÇäÃÌÇÒÉ ÇäÕêáêÉ ÈÙÏ ÃÓÈèÙ ® ·à  ÇäÙÑÈêÉ ÇäáÕÍé çê äÚÉ ÇäâÑÂæ ® ´à  ÃåÇåã áÑÕ ãËêÑÉ ¡  ¸à  ÚÑáÉ æèåê ãÈêÑÉ èÌåêäÉ ®  ÇäÇÓå ÇäåæÕèÈ  ÊÐãÑèǺ     Çä×ÇäÈî      ×ÇäÈëÇ      ×ÇäÈÉë      ¨Çäà©×ÇäÈîêæ ¨Çäà©åÕÑêêæ The third case is called ÇäæîÕÈ , and a noun or adjective in this case is called  åæÕèÈ . You know that this case marks adverbs such as ÏÇÆåëÇ , ÌÏñ ëÇ , and ÃÍêÇæàëÇ . A noun or adjective that is åæÕèÈ takes one of the endings listed above, depending on whether it is definite, indefinite, åËæé , or ÌåÙ åÐãÑ . This case marks: (1) the direct object of a verb, and (2) adverbs. It may be useful to think of ÇäåæÕèÈ as signalling the answer to the questions åÇÐÇ , ãêá , and åÊé : åÇÐÇ  ãæÊî ¿ ­­¾ ãæÊï  ×ÇäÈëÇ ® åÇÐÇ  ÃãäÊð ¿ ­­¾ ÃãäÊï  ÇäÓåãî ®  ãêá æÎÑÌ åæ ÇäÕáñ¿ ­­¾ æÎÑÌ åæ ÇäÕáñ  åïÓÑÙêæ ® åÊé êÔÇçÏ ÇäåÈÇÑêÇÊ¿ ­­¾ êÔÇçÏ ÇäåÈÇÑêÇÊ êèåî  ÇäÌåÙÉð ® In these sentences, the words ×ÇäÈëÇ , ÇäÓåã , åÓÑÙêæ , and êèå are all marked åæÕèÈ because their function in the sentences is to answer åÊé , ãêá , or åÇÐÇ . But within this framework, remember that prepositional phrases override the case ÇäåæÕèÈ . For example, in the last sentence above, the logical answer to åÊé is actually the ÅÖÇáÉ phrase êèå ÇäÌåÙÉ , but only êèå takes ÇäåæÕèÈ , because ÇäÌåÙÉ is the second word in ÇäÅÖÇáÉ and therefore is åÌÑèÑ . In the following sentences, the words äÙÈ , ×ÇÆÑÉ , ãäêÉ , and ÇäåÓÇÁ answer the questions åÇÐÇ , åÊé or ãêá , but they all take ÇäåÌÑèÑ ending because the prepositions takes precedence. ÃÓÊåÊÙ ÈäÙÈð ÇäÔ×ÑæÌ ® ÓÇáÑÊ Ùäé ×ÇÆÑÉí ãÈêÑÉí ® ÇäÊÍâ ÎÇäÏ ÈãäêÉð ÇäÂÏÇÈ ® ÃÏÑÓ áê ÇäåÓÇðÁ ®     ÊåÑêæ ¹       Study the following examples of ÇäåæÕèÈ and give the reason for each marking: ±à  ãÇæÊ ÇÓÊÇÐÊîæÇ ÇäÓæÉî ÇäåÇÖêÉî ® µà  åçÇ ãÇæÊ ÒåêäÊîçï ®  ²à  ÙÇÏèÇ Åäé ÇäÈêÊ åïÓÑÙêæ ® ¶à  âÑÃÊ ÇäãÊÇÈî åÑñÊîêàòæ ® ³à  ÊÎÑñÌèÇ èÃÕÈÍèÇ åçæÏÓêæ ® ·à  ÔÇçÏæÇ áêäåîêàòæð ÌÏêÏêòæ ®  ´à  åÇ æåÊï äêäÉî ÃåÓ ®   ¸à  ÈêÊæÇ äêÓ ãÈêÑëÇ èäãæñê ÃÍÈç ®     ÊåÑêæ °±        Mark nouns and adjectives for ÇäåæÕèÈ where appropriate:   ±à  äêäÉ ÇäÎåêÓ êåãææÇ Ãæ æÔÇçÏ ÇäåÓäÓä ÇäÙÑÈê ®   ²à  ÈêÊæÇ ÃÕÈÍ ÈêÊ ÇäÙÇÆäÉ ®   ³à  ÎÇäÏ êÍÈñ ÙÇÆäÊç ®   ´à  ÊÕÍè åÊÃÎÑÉ ®   µà  ÃÏÑÓ ÓÇÙÊêæ áê ÇäåãÊÈÉ ®   ¶à  áê ÇäÕÈÇÍ æÔÑÈ ÇäâçèÉ èæàâÑàÇäÕÍá ®   ·à  ÍáØÊ ãä ÇäãäåÇÊ ®   ¸à  ÑáÖèÇ åÓÇÙÏÊç ®   ¹à  ÊÑêÏ Ãæò ÊÔÊÑê ÓêÇÑÉ ÌÏêÏÉ ® °±à  åÇ ÇÓÊ×ÙÊï  Ãæ ÃâÑàÇäâÕñÉ ®     ÊåÑêæ ±±       Study the following vocalized sentences and explain the case markings:   ±à  åÍåÏ ÂÎðÑï ÇäÃæÈêÇÁð áê ÇäÅÓäÇåð ®   ²à  åçÇ ÒåêäÉï äêäé ®   ³à  Ìèæ ãÇæî ×ÇäÈëÇ áê ÌÇåÙÉí ÃÎÑé âÈäî Ãæò êäÊÍâî ÈçÐç ÇäÌÇåÙÉð ®   ´à  äÇ ÃÙÑáï çÐÇ ÇäÇÓÊÇÐî  ­  çä çè ÌÏêÏì çæÇ ¿   µà  ÃÙÑáï åèØáàîêæð êÙåäÇæð ÈÇäÌÑêÏÉ ð®   ¶à  ÓåêÑÉ èÃîêåæ ×ÇäÈÇæð ÌÏêÏÇæð áê âÓåðæÇ ®   ·à  äêÓî áê çÐÇ ÇäÕáðñ ×äÇÈì ãËêÑèæî ®    ¸à  ÊÈÏÃï ÕäÇÉ ï ÇäÌåÙÉð áê ÇäÓÇÙÉð ÇäèÇÍÏÉð ÈÙÏî ÇäØçÑð¬ äÐäã êÌÈ Çæò ææÒäî åæ ÇäÈêÊð         âÈäî Ðäã ÈÍèÇäê æÕáð ÓÇÙÉí ®   ¹à  çÐç åâÇäÉ ì ååÊÇÒÉ ì ÊÏÑÓï åèÖèÙî ÇäÙäÇâÉð Èêæ ÇäÏêæð èÇäÓêÇÓÉð áê ÇäÔÑâð ÇäÃèÓ×ð ® °±à  âÑñÑÊò ÇäÔÑãÉ ï áÕäîçï åæ ÇäÙåäð äÃæñàîçï ÑáÖ ÇäÇæÊâÇäî Çäé åãÇæð Ùåäðçð ÇäÌÏêÏ ð® ±±à  Îàï×ÈÊ ÇÈæÉï Ùåê ¢äêæÇ¢  äàðÖÇÈ×í ãÈêÑ í ÈÇäÌêÔ ð êåäã ÔâàñîÉë Èåæ×âÉð ¢ÇäåÙÇÏꢠ® ²±à  ÚÖÈÊò ÒèÌÊàïçï åæç äÃæñîç ÙÇÏî Çäé ÇäÈêÊð åÊÃÎñÑëÇ äêäÉî ÃåÓð èÙæÏåÇ èÕä Çäé ÇäÈêÊð ¬        äå Êâàïäò äç ÔêÆààëÇ èäãæñçÇ ÏÎäÊ Çäé ÚÑáÊðçÇ èæÇåÊ ® ÇäËâÇáÉ ÇäâàïÑÂæ ÇäãÑêå   The Holy Quran ÊÙäåèÇ çÐç ÇäãäåÇʺ     ÓèÑÉ  Ì®  ÓïèîÑ chapter (of the Quran) ÂêÉ  Ì®  ÂêÇÊ verse ÇäâÑÂæ çè ãÊÇÈ Çääç ¬  ÃîæàòÒîäàîàç Åäé ÇäæÈê åÍåÏ èÇäåÓäåêæ ®  èäàäâÑÂæ ÃÓåÇÁ ÃÎÑé ÃêÖëÇ åæçÇ º ¢ÇäãÊÇȬ¢ è¢ÇäÊîæÒê䢬 è¢ÇäàåïÕÍî᢮  èÇäâÑÂæ êÊãèñæ åæ ´±± ÓèÑÉ  èãä ÓèÑÉ ÊÊãèæ åæ ÂêÇÊ ®  èÊÑÊêÈ ÇäâÑÂæ ç躠 ÇäÓèÑ Çä×èêäÉ ÃèäÇë ¬  èÈÙÏçÇ ÇäÓèÑ ÇäâÕêÑÉ ®  èåÙØå ÇäÓèÑ Çä×èêäÉ æÒäÊ åÊÃÎÑÉë ¬  ÈÙÏ çðÌÑÉ åÍåÏ èÇäåÓäåêæ Åäé ÇäåÏêæÉ èÊàïÓåñé çÐç ÇäÓèÑ ¢ÇäÓïèîÑ ÇäåÏæêÉ¢®  èåÙØå ÇäÓèÑ ÇäâÕêÑÉ æÒäÊ ÙæÏåÇ ãÇæ åÍåÏ èÇäåÓäåèæ äÇ êÒÇäèæ áê åãàñÉ ¬  èçÐç ÇäÓèÑ ÊàïÓåñé ¢ÇäÓèÑ ÇäåãàñêÉ¢®  ÇäâÑÂæ is considered to be the highest stylistic model for ÇäÙÑÈêÉ ÇäáÕÍé , as well as a model for the codification for its grammar. Read the following verses with your teacher: ÊÙäåèÇ çÐç ÇäãäåÇʺ Ïêæ  Ì®  ÃÏêÇæ religion ¨Çäà© ÑîÈñ  Çääç ÇäÕðñêÇå ¨ÕÇåî ¬ êÕèå © fasting, to fast ãäåÇÊ ÊÓÇÙÏ Ùäé áçå ÇäÂêÇʺ êÇ ÃêñçÇ êÇ ÃÙÈïÏ I worship Îîàäàîâî (He) created ÂåîæèÇ believed ãàïÊðàÈî it was written (as law) ÇäêïÓÑ ÇäÓçä ÇäÙïÓÑ ÇäÕÙÈ ÂêÇÊ åæ ÇäâÑÂ溠    åæ ÓàèÑÉ ÇäÈàâàÑÉ     ÊåÑêæ ²±       æÔÇ× âÑÇÁÉ    ÊÙäåèÇ çРÇäãäåÇʺ ÍîÏêË  Ì®  ÃîÍÇÏêË Hadith (sayings and deeds of the Prophet) Õîäàñé Çääç Ùäêç èÓîäàñîå God bless him and grant him salvation )ÇäæÈêñ åÍåÏ (said after mentioning ÇäÔàñîÑêàÙàÉ law ÑîÖðêî Çääç Ùæç May God be pleased with him  )ÇäÕÍÇÈÉ (said after mention of one of the Companions of the Prophet, ÑîÓèä æÈêñ ÑîÃîêòÊå ¨ÊàîÑîèæ© you saw çðäÇä crescent moon (after new moon) Åæò Úàïåñ Ùäêãå ÅÐÇ äå ÊÑèÇ ÇäçäÇä           ÇäÍÏêË          èçÐÇ åËÇä Ùæ Ôãä ÇäÍÏêË º æÍæ æÙäå Ãæñ ÇäâÑÂæ çè ÇäàåîÕÏîÑ source ÇäÃèñä äàäÔÑêÙÉ ÇäÅÓäÇåêÉ èÃæñ ÇäÍÏêË çè ÇäåÕÏÑ ÇäËÇæê äçÇ ÈÙÏ ÇäâÑÂæ ®  èÇäÍÏêË êÊãèñæ åæ åÌåèÙÉ ãÈêÑÉ åæ ÇäÃâèÇä ÇäÊê èÕäÊæÇ åæ ÇäæÈê åÍåÏ Õäàñé Çääç Ùäêç èÓäàñå èåæ ÇäÕîÍÇÈÉ Ùæç ®  èáê ãÊÈ ÇäÃÍÇÏêË ¬ ãä ÍÏêË êÈÏàÈà ¢Ùæ ®®®® ¨ÇÓå ÔÎÕ©¢ èêÐãÑ ÇÓå ÇäÔÎÕ Ãè ÇäÃÔÎÇÕ ÇäÐêæ æàîâàîäèÇ transmitted ÇäÍÏêË Ùæ ÇäæÈê Õäé Çääç Ùäêç èÓäå ®      ÊåÑêæ ³±       Fill in the blanks using the correct particle from the list: Ãæñ Åæñ ÇäÐê ÇäÊê ÇäÐêæ Ãæò or, if you think no particle should be used, write ¯ .   ±à  äæ ÃÓÊ×êÙ ààààààààààààààààà ÃÐçÈ åÙãå ÅÐÇ äå êÓåÍ äê èÇäÏê ÈÐäã ®   ²à  åÇ ÒÇäÊ ÊÍÈ æáÓ ÇäÃÔêÇÁ àààààààààààààààà ãÇæÊ ÊÍÈçÇ åæ âÈä ®   ³à  èäÇêÉ ¢çÇèÇꢠÊÊãèñæ åæ ÙÏÉ ÌÒÑ àààààààààààààààà ÃãÈÑçÇ ÌÒêÑÉ ¢ÃèÇç袠®   ´à  ÇäÔêÁ ÇäèÍêÏ àààààààààààààààà ÃÙÑáç Ùæçå çè àààààààààààààààà àçå ÇæÊâäèÇ åæ ÈêÊçå ÇäâÏêå ®   µà  çä ÊÍÈèæ àààààààààààààààà ÊÐçÈèÇ åÙæÇ Åäé ÇäæÇÏê ¿   ¶à  çä ÊÊÐãÑêæ ÇäåèÖèÙ àààààààààààààààà ÊãäåæÇ Ùæç áê ÇäÇÓÈèÙ ÇäåÇÖê ¿   ·à  ¢ÓæÊÑÇä ÈÇÑ㢠ÍÏêâÉ ãÈêÑÉ ààààààààààààààà êÐçÈ ÅäêçÇ ãËêÑ åæ ÇäæÇÓ ààààààààààààààà êÒèÑèæ       æêèêèÑã ®   ¸à  áê ÌÇåÙÊæÇ ÙÏÏ ãÈêÑ åæ Çä×äÇÈ ÇäÃÌÇæÈ àààààààààààààààà êÏÑÓèæ ÇäçæÏÓÉ ®   ¹à  åÇÐÇ Êæèê àààààààààààààààà ÊÏÑÓ áê ÇäåÓÊâÈä ¿ °±à  âÑÃÊ ÎÈÑëÇ àààààààààààààààà êâèä àààààààààààààààà Çäåäã ÍÓêæ ÓêÓÊâÈä ÇäÑÆêÓ ÍÇáØ ÇäÃÓÏ ® ±±à  çÐÇ ÃÚäé å×Ùå àààààààààààààààà ÃãäÊ áêç ¬  èäãæ Çä×ÙÇå àààààààààààààààà ÃãäÊç äå êãàïæ ååÊÇÒëÇ ® ²±à  çä ÊØæñèæ àààààààààààààààà çÐÇ Çäáêäå åæÇÓÈ ääÃèäÇÏ ÇäÕðÚÇÑ¿ ³±à  Ãèñä åÑñÉ  àààààààààààààààà ÒÑÊ åÕÑ áêçÇ ãÇæÊ åæРÙÔÑ ÓæèÇÊ ® ´±à  åæ áÖäã ¬ çä êåãæ àààààààààààààààà ÊÔÊÑê äê ÌÑêÏÉ ÙæÏåÇ ÊæÒä ¿      ÊåÑêæ ´±       ÃãåäèÇ çÐç ÇäÌåä º Try to use at least one verb in each sentence.   ±à  äÇ Ãáçå ãêá  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ¿¡   ²à  åÓÇÁî ÃåÓ ÊÐãñÑÊ Ãæ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ®   ³à  êÌÈ Ãæ ÃÔÊÑê ÔêÆëÇ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ®   ´à  Çäêèå ÓàÃÙÏñ ÇäÃãä ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ®   µà  Ãêæ çê ÇäÕÍêáÉ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ¿   ¶à  çä ÊÊåæñêæ Ãæò àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ¿   ·à  ÌäÓæÇ áê ÍÏêâÉ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ®   ¸à  åîæ çå ÇäæÇÓ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ¿   ¹à  êÈÏè Ãæñ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ® °±à  åæ ÇääÇÒå Ãæò àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ® ±±à  ÅÐÇ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ® ²±à  åÇ ÒäÊï àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ® ³±à  ÇÍÈ ÇäåÓäÓäÇÊ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ® ´±à  çÐÇ åèÖèÙ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ® µ±à  ÃÍÓæ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ®    ÊåÑêæ µ±        Complete the following sentences about yourself:   ±à  ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ×ÇäÈëǯ×ÇäÈÉ áê ÇäåÏÑÓÉ ÇäËÇæèêÉ ÇäÂæ ®  ¨äêÓ©   ²à  ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà Ùäé ÇäÏãÊèÑÇç áê ÏÑÇÓÇÊ ÇäÔÑâ ÇäÃèÓ× ®  ¨ÍÕä©   ³à  ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà Ãæò ÃÙåä åÍÇåêàëÇ ®  ¨ÃÍÈ©   ´à  ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÇäÌÒÇÆÑ åæ âÈä ®  ¨ÒÇÑ©   µà  ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÔêÆàëÇ åæ ÇäÃÏÈ ÇäÙÑÈê ÈÇäÙÑÈêÉ ®  ¨âÑé   ¶à  ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà Åäé ÇäÔÑâ ÇäÃèÓ× áê ÇäÕêá ÇäâÇÏå ®  ¨ÓÇáÑ©   ·à  ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ãêá Ã×ÈΠÇäÃãä ÇäÙÑÈê ®  ¨ÙÑá©   ¸à  ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà åÇÐÇ ÓÃáÙä ÈÙÏ ÇäÊÎÑñÌ åæ ÇäÌÇåÙÉ ®  ¨âÑñÑ©   ¹à  ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà äê ÊÌÑÈÉ ×èêäÉ åÙ ÇääÚÉ ÇäÙèÈêÉ ®  ¨äêÓ© °±à  ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÇäÙ×äÉ áê ÇäÌÇåÙÉ ®  ¨âÖé©    ÊåÑêæ ¶±           These sentences do not make sense as they are. What is missing?   ±à  çä êÎÊäá Çä×âÓ áê ÇäÃÑÏæ ààààààààààààà Çä×âÓ áê äÈæÇæ ¿   ²à  ÃæÇ ÙÇÏÉ Âãä áê Çäå×ÇÙå äÃæ èâÊê äÇ êÓåÍ äê ààààààààààààà Çä×ÈΠ®   ³  ÃØæ Ãæç ÃÕÈÍ ààààààààààààà ÇääÇÒå Ãæ ÊÈÏÃèÇ ààààààààààààà ÇäÇÓÊÙÏÇÏ ààààààààààààà ÇäÓáÑ ®   ´à  äÇ Ãáçå äåÇÐÇ êÑáÖèæ ÇäÇÔÊÑÇã ààààààààààà æÇ ààààààààààà ÅÕäÇÍ ÇäÔâÉ ¿¡  ÎÇÕÉ Ãææê ÊãäåÊ       ààààààààààààà çå  ààààààààààààà çÐÇ ÇäåèÖèÙ ààààààààààààà âÈä ¡   µà  ãÇæ èÇäÏê ÏÇÆåÇ êÔÌÙæê ààààààààààààà Ãæ Ãâèä ÑÃêê ààààààààààààà ãä ÔêÁ ààààààààààààà ÍÑêÉ ®   ¶à  åæ ÇäÇÓÇÊÐÉ ÇäÐêæ êÔÑáèæ ààààààààààààà ÑÓÇäÊã ààààààààààààà ÇäÏãÊèÑÇç ¿   ·à  êÊãèæ ÇäåÊÍá ÇäåÕÑê ààààààààààààà ÙÏÉ ÃâÓÇå ¬ ÃãÈÑçÇ âÓå ÇäÊÇÑêΠÇäáÑÙèæê ÇäâÏêå ®   ¸à  äå ÃÙäå ààààààààààààà ÇæÊâÇäç ààààààààààààà èØêáÉ ÇÎÑé ÅäÇñ âÈä êèåêæ áâ× ®   ¹à  äÇ êåãææê ÇäÊÚêÈ àààààààààààà ÇäÕá çÐç ÇäåÑÉ äÃæ ÇäÇÓÊÇРÓêÚÖÈ ààààààààààààà ê ¡     ÊåÑêæ ·±         Read the following Ìåä and determine which nouns and adjectives need Çäà : ±à  ààààààààà ×ÈΠèààààààààà ÓÈÇÍÉ èààààààààà åÑÇÓäÉ çê åæ ààààààààà çèÇêÇÊ ÇäÊê ÃÍÈçÇ ãËêÑëÇ ® ²à  ààààààààà äÚÉ ¬ áê ÑÃêê ¬ ÊÓÇÙÏæÇ Ùäé ààààààààà áçå ààààààààà ËâÇáÇÊ ààààààààà ÇÎÑé ® ³à  ÃæÇ èÒåäÇÆê åÔÚèäèæ ÌÏÇ áê çÐç ààààààààà ÃêÇå ÈÓÈÈ ààààààààà ÏÑÇÓÉ èààààààààà ÇÓÊÙÏÇÏ      äà ààààààààà ÇåÊÍÇæÇÊ ® ´à  ààààààààà ÕäÇÉ èàààààààààÕèå çåÇ åæ ààààààààà ÃÔêÇÁ ÇäèÇÌÈÉ Ùäé ãä ààààààààà åÓäåêæ áê ãä      ààààààààà åãÇæ áê ààààààààà ÙÇäå ® µà  ààààààààà Ããä ààààààààà ÙÑÈê äÇ êÎÊäá ãËêÑëÇ Ùæ ààààààààà Ããä ààààààààà ÅêÑÇæê ¬ áà ààààààààà ÅêÑÇæêèæ      èààààààààà ÙÑÈ êÍÈèæ ààààààààà äÍå èààààààààà ÃÑÒ èààààààààà ÎÈÒ ® ¶à  ààààààààà åèÖèÙ ààààààààà áÕÍé èààààààààà ÙÇåêÉ èààààààààà ÙäÇâÉ ÈêæçåÇ åæ ààààààààà åèÇÖêÙ ÇäÊê      âÑÃæÇ ÙæçÇ ãËêÑëÇ áê çÐÇ ààààààààà áÕä ® ·à  ÈÙÏ ààààààààà ÇæÊçÇÁ åæ ààààààààà ÏÑÇÓÊçÇ áê ààààààààà ãäêÉ ààààààààà ×Èñ ¬ Êæèê ÃÎÊê ààààààààà ÇäÊÍÇâ      ÈÇäà Peace Corps äÃæçÇ ÊÑÚÈ áê àààààààà åÓÇÙÏÉ àààààààà æÇÓ áê Íäñ åÔÇãäçå àààààààà ÕÍêÉ ®    ÊåÑêæ ¸±        æÔÇ× ãÊÇÈÉ ÈÙÏ ÊÌÑÈÊãå áê ÏÑÇÓÉ ÇääÚÉ ÇäÙÑÈêÉ Åäé ÇäÂæ ¬ ÑÈåÇ ÃÕÈÍÊ äãå ÈÙÖ ÇäÂÑÇÁ áê ãêáêÉ ÏÑÇÓÉ äÚÉ ËÇæêÉ ®  èÕäÊ äãå ÑÓÇäÉ åæ ×ÇäÈ ÙÑÈê êÏÑÓ ÇääÚÉ ÇäÇæÌäêÒêÉ èêÑêÏ åæãå ÂÑÇÁãå áê ãêá êÌÈ Ãæ êÏÑÓ ® Write him a letter in which you give him advice. Try to use the following expressions and connectors to make your letter flow: è         ÃåñÇ ®® áà         ÈÇäÅÖÇáÉ Åäé         ãÐäã         ÈÇäæÓÈÉ äà ÅÐÇ ®®® áà         êÌÈ Ãæ         åæ ÇääÇÒå Ãæ         ÃØæñ Ãæñ         áê ÑÃêê    ÊåÑêæ ¹±       æÔÇ× âÑÇÁÉ     ÃÓÆäɺ   åèÇÙêàààààààààÏ ÇäÏÑÇÓàààààààààààÉ ±à  åÇÐÇ âÑñÑÊ ÌÇåÙÉ ÇäâÇçÑÉ¿    ÈÌÇåÙÉ ÇäâÇçÑÉ áê ÑåÖÇæ      âàÑÑÊ ÌàÇåÙÉ ÇäâàÇçÑÉ ÊÃÎêÑ ÈàÏÁ ÇäåÍàÇÖÑÇÊ äåÏÉ ÓÇÙààÉ êèåàêÇ ×àèÇä ²à  èåÇ ÓÈÈ çÐÇ ÇäâÑÇÑ ¿ ÔçÑ ÑåÖÇæ ÇäåÈÇÑã èÊÎáêÖ Òåæ ãä åÍÇÖÑÉ ¬ èÊÍÏêÏ ÇäÓàÇÙÉ ÇäËÇäËÉ ÈÙàÏ      ÇäØçÑ ãÂÎÑ åàèÙÏ ääåÍàÇÖÑÇÊ ÍàÊé ³à  åÇÐÇ êâèä ÇäÎÈÑ Ùæ  êÊÇÍ ää×äÇÈ èÇäÙÇåäêæ áÓÍÉ åæ ÇäèâÊ      ÂÎÑ åèÙÏ ääåÍÇÖÑÇÊ¿  âÈä Íäèä åèÙÏ ÇäÇá×ÇÑ®          åæ ÌÑêÏÉ ÇäÌåçèÑêÉ µ¯³¯²¹¹± ´à  ÎåæèÇ åÙæé º  ÇäÙÇåäêæ  ½  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà µà  : Find ÇäåÕÇÏÑ Ùäé èÒæ ¢ÊáÙê䢠º  ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà   ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà   ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà Notice that they are all in parallel sentence structure, which means that they all play the same grammatical role in the sentence. What is that role? Use context and ÇäÌÐÑ to help you guess their meanings.    ÊåÑêæ °²       æÔÇ× åÍÇÏËÉ ãåÇ ÊÙÑáèæ ¬ ÎÇäÏ ÇäÂæ êÏÑÓ ääÍÕèä Ùäé ÇäÏÈäèå áê ÅÏÇÑÉ ÇäÃÙåÇä áê ÌÇåÙÉ ÇäâÇçÑÉ ¬  èçè êÊåæñé Ãæ êÓÇáÑ Åäé ÃåÑêãÇ ääÍÕèä Ùäé ÇäÏãÊèÑÇç áê çÐÇ ÇäåèÖèÙ ®  èâÏ ÊâÏñå È×äÈ applied Åäé ËäÇË ÌÇåÙÇÊ çê º  ¨±©  ÌÇåÙÉ èäÇêÉ æêèêèÑã áê ÈêæÚçÇåÊèæ ¬ ¨²©  ÌÇåÙÉ çêèÓÊæ áê ÊãÓÇÓ ¬ è¨³©  ÌÇåÙÉ ãÇäêáèÑæêÇ áê ÓÇæÊÇ ÈÇÑÈÑÇ ®  áê ÑÃêãå ¬ ÅÐÇ ÇÓÊ×ÇÙ Ãæ êÍÕä Ùäé âÈèä èÙäé åæÍÉ ¬ ÈÃê ÌÇåÙÉ êÌÈ Ãæ êäÊÍâ èäåÇÐÇ ¿ In groups of two or three, one person will play the role of ÎÇäÏ and the others will advise him. Compare and contrast the three schools to help him make this âÑÇÑ .