· à   ÃæÇ ÃãÈÑçå áê çÐÇ ÇäÏÑÓ º · ÃÓÑÉ ÎÇäÏ · äàð èÙæÏ èåÙ  Possession with pronouns · ÇäÌåäÉ ÇäÇÓåêÉ º  ÇäÎÈÑ ÇäåâÏå  Fronted predicate · ãÇæ Describing past states · ãå ¿  Èãå ¿  ÇäÃÙÏÇÏ ±­°± · ÇäåËæé · ÇäÙåäÇÊ ÇäÙÑÈêÉ ÊÐãñÑèÇ º      ãÇæ æáÓ Çäà®®® äê ËäÇËÉ ÃΠ¬ ÅÎèÉ ãÈêÑ ÓæÉ ¬ ÓæèÇÊ  Ãèñä åÏÑÓÉ åæР ÊÙäñåèÇ º      èðÒÇÑÉ  Ì®  ­ÇÊ  ministry ÇäÇðâÊðÕÇÏ economics ãÇæîÊ she was åïèîØàñîáÉ  Ì®  ­ÇÊ  ¨åÄæË©  employee (white collar) åïèîØàñîá  Ì®  ­èæ¯êæ ¨åÐãÑ© ÃãàòÈîÑçå the oldest of them ËÇæàîèêñ secondary ÙÇåñ general, public ÇäËñÇæîèðêñÉ ÇäÙÇåñÉ )ÇäËâÇáÉ Baccalaureate (see below in Ãïèäé   ¨åÄæË©  first ÅÙàòÏÇÏêñ preparatory (= junior high) ÌîàÏñÉ  Ì®  ­ÇÊ grandmother ÌîÏñ  Ì®  ÃîÌÏÇÏ grandfather (plural: ancestors) ÊîÙêÔ (she) lives åàîÙî with (accompaniment) åÙæÇ with us åÇÊàîÊ (she) died ÍÇÏðË  Ì®  ÍîèÇÏðË accident ÇÓÊåÙèÇ ¯ ÔÇçÏèÇ º           ±à  åæ êÊãäàñå ¿   ²à  Ùîåñî  ¨½Ùæ åÇÐǬ  about what©  êÊãäå ¿ ÇÓÊåÙèÇ ¯ ÔÇçÏèÇ åÑÉ ËÇæêÉ º           ³à  åîæ áê ÇÓÑÉ ÎÇäÏ ¿  åæ êÙêÔ åÙçå ¿ ´à  åæ åÇÊî ¿  åæРãàîå how many  ÓæÉ ¿  µà  åÇÐÇ æÙÑá Ùæ èÇäÏ ÎÇäÏ ¿ ¶à  Ãêæ êÏÑÓ ÅÎèÉ ÎÇäÏ ¿  ÇãÊÈèÇ º        ÇäÇÓå        ÇäåÏÑÓÉ ±à ²à ³à ÇÓÊåÙèÇ èÎåñæèÇ º             ·à  äåÇÐÇ êîàâèä say ÎÇäÏ  ¢Çääç êîÑÍàîåçÇ¢ ¿   What do you think this means? 8. The English equivalent of åïæÐï depends on what follows it. From context, figure out its meaning in:  Ã à   èÇäÏÊê åÇÊîÊ åæРËäÇË ÓæèÇÊ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà È à  ÌÏÊê ÊÙêÔ åÙæÇ åæРåÇÊÊ èÇäÏÊê àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÇäËâÇáÉ   ÇäËñÇæèêñÉ ÇäÙÇåñÉ In Egypt and many other Arab countries, ÇäËÇæèêÉ ÇäÙÇåàñÉ refers to both the last year of high school and the series of examinations taken by students at the end of that year. The exams are cumulative, covering all subjects studied throughout high school. The student's cumulative score on these exams determines whether or not she or he will graduate, and in what college she or he may enroll. Cut-off scores are very high for schools such as Medicine and Engineering and the sciences in general. There is tremendous pressure on students to perform well on these exams; this pressure can affect the life of the entire family, especially around the time the exams are given in June.     ÊåÑêæ ±        Expand your vocabulary by using what you have learned to figure out the meaning of these sentences. ±à  ÃæÇ ÃîãÈîÑ ÅÎèÊê ® ²à  ÎÇäÏ ÃãÈÑ ÅÎèÊç èÙÈÏ ÇäåæÙå ÃîÕÚîÑçå ® ³à  ¢çÇÑáÇÑÏ¢ ÃîâÏîå ÇäÌÇåÙÇÊ ÇäÅåÑêãêÉ ® ´à  èÇäÏê Ãî×èîä ÅÎèÊç ®   µà  ÃîãËîÑ Çä×äÇÈ äÇ êÙêÔèæ åÙ ÙÇÆäÇÊçå ® ¶à  ÇäÃÍÏ çè Ãèñä êèå áê ÇäÇÓÈèÙ ®     ÊåÑêæ ²      ÇÓÊåÙèÇ Åäé ÎÇäÏ èÇãÊÈèÇ     Listen to ÎÇäÏ again and complete: èÇäÏê êÙåä áê èÒÇÑÉ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààà  èèÇäÏÊê ¬ Çääç êÑÍåçÇ ¬  ãÇæÊ àààààààààààààààààààààààààà áê àààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÇäèÒÇÑÉ ®  äê ËäÇËÉ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ¬ ÃæÇ  ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà »  ÙÇÏä ×ÇäÈ áê ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÇäÙÇåàñÉ ¬ èèäêÏ ×ÇäÈ áê ÇäÓæÉ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÈÇäåÏÑÓÉ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààà èÙÈÏ ÇäåæÙå ×ÇäÈ áê ÇäÓæÉ àààààààààààààààààààà Èà ààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÇäÅÙÏÇÏêÉ®  ÌÏñÊê àààààààààààààààààààààààààà åÙæÇ åæРààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà èÇäÏÊê ¬ Çääç êÑÍåçÇ ¬ áê ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà åæРËäÇË ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ®     ÊåÑêæ ³            Practice using new vocabulary: ÍèÇÏË ÇäËÇæêÉ ÇäÃèäé ÇäèÒÇÑÉ ÃãÈÑ åèØáÇÊ ÇäÙÇåÉ ÃÙêÔ ÇäÇâÊÕÇÏ ÌÏñ åæÐ ËÇæèêÉ ãÇæÊ åÇÊÊ åÙ   ±à  èÇäÏÊê ÊÏÑñÓ ÇääÚÉ ÇäáÑæÓêÉ áê åÏÑÓÉ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ®   ²à  èÇäÏ åçÇ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÅÎèÊç ®   ³à  åÇÊ ÃåÑêãêèæ ãËêÑèæ áê ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÓêÇÑÇÊ çÐç ÇäÓæÉ ®   ´à  æÓãæ áê ÇäÈæÇêÉ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà áê çÐÇ ÇäÔÇÑÙ ®   µà  ÃãËÑ Çä×äÇÈ ÇäÙÑÈ êÙêÔèæ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÙÇÆäÇÊçå ®   ¶à  áê åÕÑ ¬ ÊÙåä ãËêÑ åæ ÇäæÓÇÁ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà áê ÇäèÒÇÑÇÊ ®   ·à  ÃÓÊÇÐÊê ãÇæÊ ÊÙêÔ áê ÇäÃÑÏæ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÃÑÈÙ ÓæèÇÊ ®   ¸à  áê ÃêÇå Çä×áèäÉ ¬ ãæÊ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà åÙ ÌÏê èÌÏÊê áê ÇäÕêá ®   ¹à  äÇ ÃÍÈ ÏÑÇÓÉ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà äÃæç ÕÙÈ ® °±à  ×äÇÈ ÇäÓæÉ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà áê ÇäÌÇåÙÉ êÓãæèæ áê çÐç ÇäÈêèÊ ® ±±à  ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÒèÌÊç åæРÓæÉ ¬ èäÐäã áçè êÔÙÑ ÈÇäèÍÏÉ ÇäÂæ ® ²±à  ÇäæÈê åÍåÏ èÇäÏ ÇäÓêÏÉ áÇ×åÉ èàààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÇäÍîÓîæ èÇäÍïÓêæ ® ³±à  ààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÕÏêâÊê çïÏé ÊÓãæ åÙê áê æáÓ ÇäÈêÊ âÈä ÓáÑçÇ Åäé ÇäÓÙèÏêÉ ® ÇäâèÇÙÏ  äà èÙæÏ èåÙ  «  ÖåÇÆÑ      Expressing possession with pronouns The pronoun forms used with prepositions are essentially the same as the possessive forms given in Chapter 3. The following charts give the endings with some of the prepositions you have learned so far:  åàîÙê åàîÙàîæàÇ ÙàðæàòÏê ÙàðæàòÏîæàÇ åàîÙàîãî åàîÙàîãàïå ÙàðæàòÏîãî ÙàðæàòÏîãàïå åàîÙàîãð ÙàðæàòÏîãð åàîÙàîçï åàîÙàîçàïå ÙàðæàòÏîçï ÙàðæàòÏîçàïå åàîÙàîçÇ ÙàðæàòÏîçÇ In formal Arabic, the preposition äàð assumes the following forms with pronouns:  äàê äàîæàÇ äàîàãî äàîàãàïå äàîàãð äàîàçï äàîçàïå äàîàçÇ You know how to use these prepositions to express possession or belonging. ÙæÏ and äà overlap a great deal in usage, but in general, ÙæÏ is used for possession of concrete objects, while äà indicates an association with human beings and abstract entities one cannot physically possess. åÙ denotes accompaniment. The following examples demonstrate common uses of these prepositions: ÎÇäÏ äç ËäÇËÉ ÃÎèÉ ® äç ÃÕÏâÇÁ ãËêÑèæ ®  (he) has ... åÙã ÏèäÇÑ ¿ åÙã âäå ¿  Do you have ... with you ÙæÏã ãåÈêèÊÑ áê ÇäÈêÊ ¿ ÙæÏã ÓêÇÑÉ ¿ Do you have ... In modern formal Arabic, this kind of sentence is negated with the verb äîêÓî , which will be presented in Chapter 9. In spoken Arabic, many dialects negate these prepositions with åÇ . For example: åÇ åÙê ÏèäÇÑ ® åÇ åÙê âäå ® I donÕt have ... åÇ ÙæÏê ãåÈêèÊÑ ® åÇ ÙæÏê ÓêÇÑÉ ® I donÕt have ...    ÊåÑêæ ´       Use these prepositions to express relationships of possession, association, and accompaniment among humans and objects:   ±à  èÇäÏç àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà áäèÓ ãËêÑÉ ®  ¨ ÙæÏ « çè©   ²à  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÃâÇÑÈ áê ÙåñÇæ ®  ¨ äà « æÍæ ©   ³à  êÇ ÑêåÇ¡ çä ãÊÇÈã  ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ¿  ¨ åÙ « ÇæÊð ©   ´à  äêäé àààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÃÑÈÙÉ ÃèäÇÏ ®  ¨ äà « çê ©   µà  ààààààààààààààààààààààààààà èÇÌÈÇÊ ãËêÑÉ Çäêèå ¡  ¨ ÙæÏ « æÍæ ©   ¶à  çä ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÓÄÇä ¿  ¨ ÙæÏ « ÇæÊå ©   ·à  ãæÊï ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà áê æáÓ ÇäåÏÑÓÉ ®  ¨ åÙ « çå ©   ¸à  åÇ çè ÃÍÓæ Ùåä ÈÇäæÓÈÉ àààààààààààààààààààààààà ¿  ¨ äà « ÇæÊî ©    ¹à  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà °± ÏèäÇÑÇÊ áâ× ®  ¨ åÙ « ÃæÇ © °±à  ÓÇåê ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÎÇä êÙåä áê ÇäÌêÔ ®  ¨ äà « çè© Now write four sentences of your own using äà , åÙ , and ÙæÏ with pronouns: ±±à  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ® ²±à  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ® ³±à  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ® ´±à  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ®  ÇäÌåäÉ ÇäÇÓåêÉ º ÇäÎÈÑ ÇäåâÏå    Sentences with fronted predicate You have seen both ÙæÏ and äà used to indicate possession, as in: äê ÎÇäÉ ÇÓåçÇ æÇÏêÉ ® ÙæÏê ÓêñÇÑÉ ® These words are used to express a verbal concept, to have, but are not themselves verbs. Grammatically, they are prepositional phrases, and the sentences in which they occur are Ìåä ÇÓåêÉ . In this kind of ÇäÌåäÉ ÇäÇÓåêÉ , the order of ÇäåÈÊÏà and ÇäÎÈÑ is reversed and ÇäÎÈÑ is fronted. In the examples above, ÙæÏ and äà begin the sentences even though they belong to ÇäÎÈÑ . This word order must be maintained because an Arabic sentence may not begin with an indefinite noun. çïæÇãî there; there is/are In Arabic, the reversed ÌåäÉ ÇÓåêÉ is often used to express the concept to have and the English construction there is/there are. In these kinds of sentences, ÇäÎÈÑ usually consists of a prepositional phrase or the word çïæÇãî there, as the following examples demonstrate: áê çÐÇ ÇäÕá ×äÇÈ ãËêÑèæ ®  There are many students in this class. áê ÃÓÑÊê ÈæÊ èÇÍÏÉ áâ× ® There is only one daughter/girl in my family. çæÇã åÕÑêèæ ãËêÑèæ áê ÇäÅåÇÑÇÊ ® There are many Egyptians in the Emirates. The following diagrams show the grammatical structure of reversed ÌåäÉ ÇÓåêÉ :    áê çÐÇ ÇäÕá ×äÇÈ ãËêÑèæ ®  ­­¾ áê çÐÇ ÇäÕá   ×äÇÈ ãËêÑèæ ®  ÇäÎÈÑ ÇäåÈÊÏà              áê ÃÓÑÊê ÈæÊ èÇÍÏÉ áâ× ® ­­¾ áê ÃÓÑÊê      ÈæÊ èÇÍÏÉ áâ× ®      ÇäÎÈÑ         ÇäåÈÊÏà               çæÇã åÕÑêèæ ãËêÑèæ áê ÇäÅåÇÑÇÊ ® ­­¾ çæÇã åÕÑêèæ ãËêÑèæ áê ÇäÅåÇÑÇÊ ® ÇäÎÈÑ   ÇäåÈÊÏà               ÊåÑêæ µ          Identify ÇäåÈÊÏàèÇäÎÈÑ in the following sentences (ignore adjectives and adverbs):   ±à  äç ÕÏêâ èÇÍÏ áâ× ®   ²à  áê ÇÓÑÊê ÎåÓÉ ÃèäÇÏ ®   ³à  ÙæÏçå åÍÇÖÑÇÊ Çäêèå ®   ´à  çä ÙæÏã Õáñ ÇäÂæ ¿   µà  çæÇã µ² ÌÇåÙÉ èãäêÉ áê åÏêæÉ ÈèÓ×æ ®   ¶à  äæÇ ÃÕÏâÇÁ äÈæÇæêèæ èáäÓ×êæêèæ ®   ·à  áê çÐÇ ÇäÈêÊ ÚÑáÉ ãÈêÑÉ ÌÏÇ ®   ¸à  áê åÏÑÓÊæÇ ÎåÓ ×ÇäÈÇÊ áÑæÓêÇÊ ®   ¹à  áê çÐç ÇäÕèÑÉ ãä ÃáÑÇÏ ÙÇÆäÊê ®    ÊåÑêæ ¶             Assign the following to people as you see fit: åËÇ亠 ÕÏêâÉ èÇÍÏÉ áâ×   Ñ¾   åçÇ äçÇ ÕÏêâÉ èÇÍÏÉ áâ× ®  ±à  èÇÌÈÇÊ èÇåÊÍÇæÇÊ º  ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ® ²à  åãÊÈ èÇÓÙ º  ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ® ³à  ÈÑÏ èÕÏÇÙ º  ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ® ´à  ÃÙåÇå èÃÎèÇä º  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ® µà  åÍÇÖÑÇÊ ãä êèå º  ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ® ¶à  ÃâÇÑÈ áê äÈæÇæ º  ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ® ·à  ÒåäÇÁ ãËêÑèæ º  ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ®   ãÇæ      The verb ãÇæî is used to situate actions and states in the past, as these examples show: ÃæÇ ×ÇäÈÉ ®  Ѿ ãæÊï ×ÇäÈÉ ®    I was çê ÇÓÊÇÐÉ ®   Ѿ ãÇæîÊ ÇÓÊÇÐÉ ® she was æÏÑÓ ÇääÚÉ ÇäÃäåÇæêÉ ® Ѿ ãàïæñÇ æÏÑÓ ÇääÚÉ ÇäÃäåÇæêÉ ® we used to ÙæÏê ÓêÇÑÉ ® Ѿ ãÇæîÊ ÙæÏê ÓêÇÑÉ ® I had In all of these examples, the effect of ãÇæî is to place the action or state into the past, whether the action or state is expressed by a áÙä åÖÇÑÙ , such as æÏÑÓ , or the implied verb to be. Study the use of ãÇæÊ in the last example above, and note that it does not agree with the logical English subject I, but with the grammatical Arabic subject ÓêÇÑÉ (A car was at-me). Remember that ÓêÇÑÉ , not ÙæÏê , is ÇäåÈÊÏà . When the verb ãÇæî is used to put possessive and there is/are constructions in the past, it is often used as an impersonal verb that puts the sentence as a whole into the past. In these cases it does not agree with ÇäåÈÊÏà but remains fixed as ãÇæ . Thus the final example above, ãÇæÊ ÙæÏê ÓêÇÑÉ , may also be expressed ãÇæ ÙæÏê ÓêÇÑÉ . The latter variant is particularly common in spoken Arabic. Other examples: åÙê °± ÏèäÇÑÇÊ ® Ѿ ãÇæ åÙê °± ÏèäÇÑÇÊ áê ÇäÕÈÇÍ ¡ áê çÐç Çäåæ×âÉ åÏÑÓÉ èÇÍÏÉ áâ× ® Ѿ ãÇæ áê çÐç Çäåæ×âÉ åÏÑÓÉ èÇÍÏÉ áâ× ® The verb ãÇæ may be negated using åÇ , as these examples demonstrate: åÇ ãÇæ ÙæÏæÇ ãåÈêèÊÑ åæРÓæÉ ®      we did not have äåÇÐÇ åÇ ãàïæÊî áê ÇäÕá êèå ÇäÌåÙÉ ¿      were you not ÊÙäñåèÇ º    ¨ÃæÇ© ãàïæàÊï ¨æÍæ© ãàïæàñÇ ¨ÃæÊî© ãàïæàÊî ¨ÃæÊå© ãàïæàÊàïå ¨ÃæÊð© ãàïæàÊð ¨çè© ãÇæî ¨çå© ãÇæèÇ ¨çê© ãÇæàîÊ    ÊåÑêæ ·        Situate these actions and states in the past by using the correct form of ãÇæ :   ±à  ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÃÓãæ áê Êäã ÇäÈæÇêÉ åæРÓæÊêæ ®   ²à  êÇ äêäé ¬ Ãêæ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÕÈÇÍ Çäêèå ¿   ³à  èÇäÏÊçÇ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà åèØáÉ ãÈêÑÉ áê ÇäÇåå ÇäåÊÍÏÉ ®   ´à  ÃæÇ èÒåäÇÆê ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà æÓÊåÙ Åäé ÇäåÍÇÖÑÉ ¬ èâÈä Ðäã àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà áê        ÇäãÇáÊêÑêÇ ®   µà  ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÇäÇÒÏÍÇå áê çÐÇ ÇäÔÇÑÙ ãÈêÑëÇ ÌÏëÇ Çäêèå ®   ¶à  êèå ÇäÓÈÊ èêèå ÇäÃÍÏ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÙæÏê ÈÑÏ ®   ·à  åÇ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÇäÌè ÈÇÑÏëÇ âÈä ÃÓÈèÙ ®   ¸à  çä àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÊÏÑÓèæ ÇääÚÉ ÇäÇÓÈÇæêÉ ¿   ¹à  ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà æÐçÈ Åäé ÇäÓêæåÇ ãËêÑëÇ ® °±à  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÇäÑÓÇäÉ åÙçÇ áê ÇäÕÈÇÍ ®    ÊåÑêæ ¸           Find out from your classmates: 1. Where they were on Saturday. 2. Did they have a car in high school? 3. Where they used to go with their friends. 4. What they used to like. 5. Where they used to live. 6. What they used to watch on television.  ãå ¿  ±­°±  ãàîå ¿ « ÇäåáÑÏ      How many...? You have learned the numbers from one to ten. Now learn the following rules for requesting and giving quantities with these numbers:  Ã à   ãå ¿   The interrogative particle ãå¿ followed by a singular noun is used to ask about quantity. In formal Arabic, the noun must be marked with Êæèêæ ÇäáÊÍ . ÃåËäÉ º ãå êèåëÇ áê ÇäÇÓÈèÙ ¿   ãå áÕäÇë áê ÇäÓæÉ ¿ ãå ×ÇäÈëÇ áê ÇäÕá ¿ ãå ×ÇäÈÉë áê ÇäÕá ¿ È à   ãå ¿  ±     The number èÇÍÏ¯É is not used as a number in counting objects. To express the quantity ¨±©, the noun is used alone: ÈæÊ one girl èäÏ     one child åÏÑÓÉ one school èÇÍÏ ¯ èÇÍÏÉ may only be used as an adjective to emphasize one and only one: ÙæÏê ÕÏêâÉ èÇÍÏÉ áâ× ® åÙê ÏèäÇÑ èÇÍÏ áâ× ® In this case, èÇÍÏ ¯ É must agree with and follow the noun. Ìà à   ãå ¿  ²     ÇäåàïËàîæñé     the dual The number ÇËæÇ毠ÇËæîêæ is not used to count objects. To express the quantity two, you must add the ending Çæ ¯ àîêòæ to the singular noun. This is called the dual, or ÇäåàïËàîæàñé  (from the word ÇËæÇæ ). ÈæÊ Ñ¾ ÈæÊÇæ ð ¯ ÈæÊàîêòæ ð áÕä Ѿ áÕäÇæ  ¯ áÕäàîêòæ  ÈêÊ Ñ¾ ÈêÊÇæ ð ¯ ÈêÊàîêòæ ð ÕÏêâÉ Ñ¾ ÕÏêâÊÇæ  ¯ ÕÏêâÊàîêòæ  ÌÇåÙÉ Ñ¾ ÌÇåÙÊÇæ ð ¯ ÌÇåÙÊàîêòæ ð ÓêñÇÑÉ Ñ¾ ÓêñÇÑÊÇæ  ¯ ÓêñÇÑÊîêæ  Remember that É always changes to Êà when the åËæé ending is added to it. Look at the words ÌÇåÙÉ , ÕÏêâÉ , and ÓêÇÑÉ above and note their åËæé forms, ÌÇåÙÊÇæ¯ÌÇåÙÊêæ , ÕÏêâÊÇæ¯ÕÏêâÊêæ , and ÓêÇÑÊÇæ¯ÓêÇÑÊêæ , respectively. Note that there exists a special form of ÇäåàïËàîæàñé for ÃÎ : ÃîΠ  Ñ¾   ÃîÎàîèÇæ ¯ ÃÎàîèêòæ Ï à   ãå ¿   ³­°±    Numbers from three to ten take ÇäÌåÙ , as in the following: ËäÇË ÈæÇÊ ÃÑÈÙÉ áÕèä ÓÊñÉ ÃÕÏâÇÁ  ÓÈÙ ÌÇåÙÇÊ  ÊÓÙÉ ÃÓåÇÁ ÎåÓ åÍÇÖÑÇÊ çà à   Èàðãå ¿  Èàðàãàîàå ¿        How much? (price) To ask about price, use Èàðàãàîàå ¿ . In the response, the price itself is also given with the preposition Èàð : Èãå çÐÇ ÇäãÊÇÈ ¿ Ñ ÈÊÓÙÉ ÏèäÇÑÇÊ ® Èãå ãêäè Çä×åÇ×å ¿ Ñ ÈÙÔÑ äêÑÇÊ  Syrian/Lebanese pounds® Èãå ãêäè ÇääÍå ¿  Ñ ÈËåÇæêÉ ÌïæîêçÇÊ  Egyptian pounds ®     ÊåÑêæ ¹       Be prepared to answer these questions orally in class: ±à  ãå êèåëÇ áê ÇäÇÓÈèÙ ¿ ´à  ãå äÚÉ ÊÊãäå¯êæ ¿ ²à  ãå ÕáàëÇ ÙæÏã ¿ µà  Èãå ÇäâçèÉ áê ÇäãÇáÊêÑêÇ ¿ ³à  ãå ÃÎàëÇ ¯ ÇÎÊàëÇ äã ¿ ¶à  Èãå ÇäÓÇæÏèêÊÔ ¿    ÊåÑêæ °±      ãå ¿ Show how many:   åËÇäº       ÃÎÊê äçÇ  ³ ÈæÇÊ ®  ¨ÈæÊ©   ±à áê çÐÇ ÇäáÕä æâÑà·  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ®  ¨ãÊÇÈ©   ²à ÊÓãæ  °±  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà áê çÐç ÇäÈæÇêÉ ®  ¨ÙÇÆäÉ©    ³à áê ÃÓÑÉ ÎÇäÏ ´  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ®  ¨èäÏ©   ´à áê äÈæÇæ ´  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ãÈêÑÉ ®  ¨åÏêæÉ©   µà ÙæÏçÇ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ®  ¨² ÇÈæ©   ¶à áê çÐç ÇäãäêÉ ¹ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ãðÈÇÑ ®  ¨ÇÓÊÇЩ   ·à ÒèÌÉ ÃÍåÏ ÊÊãäå  ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ®  ¨² äÚÉ©   ¸à áê çÐç Çäåæ×âÉ µ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÇÈÊÏÇÆêÉ ®  ¨åÏÑÓÉ©   ¹à ÃÙåä áê ÇäåãÊÈ åÙ ³ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ¨Òåêä© èµ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ®  ¨ÒåêäÉ© °±à áê ÇäÓæÉ ´ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà º  ÇäÑÈêÙ èÇäÕêá èÇäÎÑêá èÇäÔÊÇÁ ®  ¨áÕä© ±±à ãå  ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÙæÏã Çäêèå ¿  ¨Õá© ²±à ÃÙåä áê ÇäåãÊÈÉ ³ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà áê ÇäÇÓÈèÙ ®  ¨êèå© ÇäËâÇáÉ    ÇäÙïåäÇÊ ÇäÙÑÈêÉ Each Arab country has its own currency, and, although some of the names are shared, their values differ. The names of these currencies are all foreign in origin, some borrowed from Greek and Latin, dating from the eighth century, when the Umayyad Caliph ÙîÈÏ Çäåîäðã Èæ åîÑèÇæ ordered the first Islamic coins minted. Others are more recent, reflecting the European colonization of some Arab countries in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. On the next page you will find information on the names of some of these currencies and their value in the international market.  åæ ÌÑêÏÉ ÇäÔÑâ ÇäÃèÓ× ±²¯¸¯´¹¹±    ÊåÑêæ ±±       æÔÇ× âÑÇÁÉ      The following are pictures of bank notes from several Arab countries. See if you can find for each ãå¿ , åæ Ãê ÈäÏ ¿ and any other interesting information.     ÊåÑêæ ²±        1. Take a look at the news article below, look for words you know, and answer as many of these questions as you can: åîæ ¿ Ãêæ ¿ åÊé when ¿ 2. Skim the text and circle all instances of ÇäåËæñé (ignore the word Çæ). (Hint: check the plural of ÖÇÈ× before you start.) 3. Find and underline five noun-adjective phrases. 4. Bracket three ÅÖÇáÇÊ .      áÑæÓÇ ÊÙäæ Ùæ áâÏ ÖÇÈ×êæ áê ÇäãèêÊ ÈÇÑêÓ º ÑèêÊÑ ®®  âÇäÊ áÑæÓàÇ ÇåÓ ÇäÇèä ÇäÑÌäêæ åáâèÏÇæ åæРåÚÇÏÑÊçåÇ åÏêàæÉ Çæ ÖàààààÇÈà×ààààêæ åààæ ÇäÓààààäÇÍ ÇäÌààààèê ÇäãèêÊ êèå ÇäËäÇËÇÁ ÇäåÇÖê ® ÇäáÑæÓê êÎÏåÇæ áê ÇäãèêÊ åáàâèÏÇæ     èâÇäÊ ÇäèÒÇÑÉ º ¢ÊÔêÑ ÇäÔèÇçÏ Çäé èÇæçÇ ×äàÈàÊ åæ ÇäàÙàÑÇâ åààÙàäàààèåàààÇÊ ÇæçåÇ ÑÈåÇ ãÇæÇ áê Çäåæ×àâÉ ÇäÍÏèÏêÉ Èêæ ÙæçåÇ ® ÇäãèêÊ èÇäÙÑÇâ ® èâÏ ÃÌÑêÊ ÇÊàÕÇäÇÊ   èâààÇäàÊ èÒÇÑÉ ÇäàÏáàÇÙ áê ÊÕÑêÍ Çæ ÏÈäèåÇÓêÉ åÙ ÇäÓä×ÇÊ ÇäÙÑÇâêÉ ÈçÏá ÇäÍÕèä Ùäé åÙäèåÇÊ ÙæçåÇ ®     èÇäÖÇÈ×Çæ åÓàÇÙÏÇæ áæêàÇæ ääÓàäÇÍ ÇäÌèê ÇäãèêÊê ®      åæ ÌÑêÏÉ ¢ÙãÇØ¢ ÇäÓÙèÏêÉ ¬ ±¹¹±      ÊåÑêæ ³±       æÔÇ× âÑÇÁÉ  ÊÙäåèÇ çÐç ÇäãäåÇʺ åàîÑÍè堯ɠ   ½    áàîàâêàÏ ¯ É deceased ÃîåòÓ yesterday Ôîâêâ ¯ É ÃΠ¯ ÃÎÊ ÍàîÑîå  ÒèÌÉ ÇäÍÇÌñ ¯ ÇäÍÇÌàñÉ title of respect for someone who has completed the ÇäÍÌñ pilgrimage to Mecca, 1. Look at the following text, taken from the obituaries, and find : ±à  ÇÓå ÇäåÑÍèåÉ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ²à  ÇÓå ÒèÌ ÇäåÑÍèåÉ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 2. List two family names and three place names that recur in the text. (Hint: what preposition indicates places here? What seem to be family names?)   ÃÓåÇÁ ÙÇÆäÇÊ º  àࠠààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà È à  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà   ÃÓåÇÁ åÏæ º  àࠠàààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà È à  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà     Ìà à  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 3. When did the funeral take place? 4. Go through the text again, and examine the two uses of è : (a) instead of a comma, to list things, and (b) instead of a period, to mark off the beginning of a new sentence.  To distinguish between these uses, you must look carefully at the context. First, look for lists of names (e.g., a list of brothers and sisters), and bracket each list. Second, look for words that indicate familial relationships and use their grammatical context, ÌåäÉ ÇÓåêÉ ¬ ÅÖÇáÉ to help with the meaning. 5. Now go through the text again and find: a. ãå ÇÈæàëÇ èÈæÊàëÇ äçÇ ¿  Underline their names and titles. b. Bracket the names of the grandchildren. åæ ÌÑêÏÉ ÇäÃçÑÇå ·±¯³¯²¹¹±      ÊåÑêæ ´±       æÔÇ× âÑÇÁÉ ÊÙäåèÇ çÐç ÇäãäåÇÊ º ÔîÑðãÉ  Ì®  ÔîÑðãÇÊ company ÈàðàÍÇÌàÉ Åäé  in need of Read the following advertisement to find the information requested: 1. Who placed this ad? 2. What do they need? Whom would they prefer to hire? 3. Find the section which lists educational requirements. What are they? 4. Find the section which indicates experience desired. Name two: 5. Where are the benefits described? Name one benefit given: åæ ÌÑêÏÉ ÇäÔÑâ ÇäÃèÓ× ¹²¯¶¯²¹¹±    ÊåÑêæ µ±         Complete, using any appropriate word:   ±à  áê ÇäÇÓÈèÙ ÓÈÙÉ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ®   ²à  ÓåêÑ ÇÓÊÇРáê ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ËÇæèêÉ ®   ³à  ÃæÇ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÃÓåÇÁ ãä Çä×äÇÈ áê ÇäÕá ®   ´à  çÐç ÇäÇÓÊÇÐÉ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà áê ÇääÚÉ ÇäåÕÑêÉ ÇäâÏêåÉ ®   µà  ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà åæ ÇäÌÇåÙÉ åæРÓæÊêæ ®   ¶à  ÕÏêâê ÑÔêÏ ÃåÑêãê åæ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÙÑÈê ®   ·à  ÊãÓÇÓ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ãÈêÑÉ ÌÏÇ ®   ¸à  åçÇ ÊÐçÈ ãä ÓæÉ Åäé ãÇäêáèÑæêÇ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÊÓãæ ÎÇäÊçÇ ®   ¹à  ÃÍÓæ êèå ÈÇäæÓÈÉ äê çè àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ® °±à  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÎÇäÊê ­­ Çääç êÑÍåçÇ ­­ áê ÓæÉ ²¹¹± ® ±±à  ÃæÇ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÌÏÇ Çäêèå ÈÓÈÈ ÇäÏÑÇÓÉ èÇäÙåä ® ²±à  Ùå ÕÏêâê ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ãÈêÑ áê àààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÇäÍâèâ ÈÌÇåÙÉ ÏåÔâ ® ³±à  çÐç ÑÓÇäÉ åæ åãÊÈ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÈÇäÌÇåÙÉ ® ´±à  ÇäÑ×èÈÉ áê åÏêæÉ èÇÔæ×æ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÌÏÇ áê ÇäÕêá ® µ±à  áê ÇÓÑÉ ÎÇäÏ ÃÑÈÙÉ ÃÈæÇÁ èÎÇäÏ àààààààààààààààààààààààà ®     ÊåÑêæ ¶±        ÃÍÈ ¯ äÇ ÃÍÈ   ÇäåÕÏÑ comes in handy when making lists. Make a list of åÇÐÇ ÊÍȯêæ  : ÃÍÈ äÇ ÃÍÈ ±à  ÇäÓáÑ Åäé ÇäÔÑâ ÇäÇèÓ× ±à  ãÊÇÈÉ ÇäèÇÌÈ  ²à  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ²à  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ³à  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ³à  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ´à  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ´à  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà µà  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà µà  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà     ÊåÑêæ ·±       åÇÐÇ êáÙäèæ ¿   Use the verbs you know to describe what these people are doing. Remember to make the verb agree with its subject. êÙåä êÓãæ êÏÑñÓ êÙêÔ êÏÑÓ êÍÈñ êÔÙÑ êÍáØ êÔÇçÏ êÓÊåÙ êâÑà êÐçÈ åËÇ亠 èÇäÏÉ åçÇ ÊÙåä  áê ÌÇåÙÉ æêèêèÑã ®     ±à  ÒåäÇÆê áê ÇäÈêÊ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÇäÊäêáÒêèæ ãËêÑÇ ®    ²à  ãæÇ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà áê çÐç ÇäÈæÇêÉ åæРÓæÉ ®     ³à  ÙåçÇ ÃÍåÏ ÇäÂæ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÇäÙäèå ÇäÓêÇÓêÉ áê ÌÇåÙÉ ÇäÙêæ ®     ´à  ËäÇËÉ åæ ÃÕÏâÇÆê ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà áê å×Ùå ¢åÇãÏèæÇäÏ¢ ®    µà  çä ÊÐçÈ Åäé ÇäåÚÑÈ äàð àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÇääÚÉ ÇäÙÑÈêÉ êÇ åÇÑã ¿     ¶à  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà åÙ èÇäÏê èèÇäÏÊê áê ÇäÕêá ®     ·à  êÇ åïæé ¬ çä àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà Åäé ÇäÌÇåÙÉ ÈÇäÇèÊèÈêÓ ¿    ¸à  çä ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÃÓÊÇÐãå ÇäÌÏêÏ ¿     ¹à  åîæ êÙÑá ãêá àààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÇäãäåÇÊ ¿  °±à  Óîàäåé ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÈÇäèÍÏÉ ÈÓÈÈ ÓáÑ ÃÓÑÊçÇ ®   ±±à  ÎÇäÏ èÃÓÑÊç ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà Åäé ÇäâÑÂæ áê ÇäÑÇÏêè êèå ÇäÌåÙÉ ® ²±à  áê Õá ÇäÃÏÈ ¬ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ãÊÇÈÇ ÌÏêÏÇ ãä ÇÓÈèÙ ®      ÊåÑêæ ¸±       åÙ ÒåêäÉ åçÇ          ÇÓåê ÑêåÇ ÙîäèÇæ ¬ èÃæÇ ÃåÑêãêÉ åæ ÃÕä ÙÑÇâê ®  èÇäÏê ÙÑÇâê åæ åÏêæÉ ÈÚÏÇÏ èèÇäÏÊê ÃêÖÇ ÙÑÇâêÉ åæ åÏêæÉ ÇäåèÕä ®  ÃÓãæ áê åÏêæÉ æêèêèÑã åæР×áèäÊê ¬ èÃÍÈçÇ ãËêÑëÇ ®      ÃæÇ ×ÇäÈÉ áê ÌÇåÙÉ æêèêèÑã  ÍêË ÃÏÑÓ ÇäãêåêÇÁ ®  äê ÃÕÏâÇÁ ãËêÑèæ áê ÇäÌÇåÙÉ ¬ åæçå äêäé ÈãèÔ ®  ÃÙÑá ÕÏêâÊçÇ åçÇ ÃÈè ÇäÙäÇ  åæ Õáñ ÊÇÑêΠÇäÔÑâ ÇäÃèÓ× ¬ äãææÇ ÒåêäÊÇæ áâ× ¬  äÃæñ åçÇ ÎÌèäÉ ÌÏëÇ èäÇ ÊÍÈ ÇäãäÇå åÙ Çä×äÇÈ ÇäÂÎÑêæ áê ÇäÌÇåÙÉ ¬ èÊÐçÈ Åäé ÈêÊçÇ ÈÙÏ ÇäåÍÇÖÑÇÊ ãä êèå ®  äÇ ÃÙÑá ãêá ÊÙêÔ çàãÐÇ ®®® åæ ÇäÈêÊ Åäé ÇäÌÇåÙÉ èåæ ÇäÌÇåÙÉ Åäé ÇäÈêÊ ¡¡ ÎàîÌèä shy çà§àãàîÐÇ in such a way ÃÓÆäɺ   ±à  åæ êÊãäå¿  ÇäÇÓå ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà  åæ Ãêæ ¿  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà    åÇÐÇ ÊÙåä ¿  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà   ²à  ãêá ÊÙÑá åçÇ¿   ³à  åÇÐÇ Êâèä say Ùæ åçÇ¿   ´à  ÎåñæèÇ guess º  Çä×äÇÈ ÇäÂÎÑêæ ½ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà     ÊåÑêæ ¹±      æÔÇ× åÍÇÏËÉ    A tray of ÈîâäÇèÉ intended for a class party disappeared from the department on Saturday, and we all want to catch the villain. Find out if all of your classmates have an alibi for êèå ÇäÓÈÊ and report your findings.     ÊåÑêæ °²      æÔÇ× ãÊÇÈÉ   If you live in an Arab country there may be opportunities for you to tutor English, or to exchange conversation in Arabic and English with an Arabic speaker. Write an advertisement giving your qualifications, availability, and how interested parties can get in touch with you.