âÇåèÓ ÙÑÈêÅæÌäêÒê Arabic-English Glossary Ã Ãî interrogative particle used to introduce a yes/no question ÃîäÇ interrogative particle used to introduce a question to which a positive answer is expected ÃÈîÏëÇ (with negative) (not) at all, (n)ever ÃîÈ Ì® ÂÈÇÁ father ÃîÈé ¬ êîÃòÈé to refuse ÃÊîé ¬ êîÃÊê ¬ ÇäÅÊêÇæ to come ÃîÊé Èàð to bring ÊîÃîËàñîÑî Èðà ¬ êîÊîÃîËàñîÑ ¬ ÇäÊîÃîËàñïÑ to be influenced by ÃËñîÑî áê¯Ùäé ¬ êïÄîËñàðÑ ¬ ÇäÊîÃòËêÑ to influence, leave a mark on ÃîËîÑ Ì® ÂËÇÑ mark, trace; (plural) antiquities, ancient monuments ÇðÓòÊîÃòÌîÑî ¬ êîÓòÊîÃòÌðÑ ¬ ÇäÇðÓòÊðÆòÌÇÑ to rent ÅêÌÇÑ Ì® ÇÊ rent ÃîÍîÏ ¬ åÄæËº ÅÍÏé one (of) ÇäÃîÍîÏ Sunday ÃîÎ Ì® ÅÎòèÉ brother ÃïÎòÊ Ì® ÃîÎîèÇÊ sister ÃîÎîÐî ¬ êîÃòÎïÐ ¬ ÇäÃîÎòÐ to take ÃîÎîÐî ¨áê ÇäåÇÖê© « ÇäåÖÇÑÙ ÇäåÑáèÙ to begin ÇðÊñîÎîÐî ¬ êîÊñîÎðÐ ¬ ÇäÇðÊñàðÎÇÐ to take up, take on, adopt ÃîÎñîÑî ¬ êïÄîÎñàðÑ ¬ ÇäÊñîÃòÎêÑ to delay ÊîÃîÎîñÑî ¬ êîÊîÃîÎñîÑ ¬ ÇäÊîÃîÎñïÑ to be late, fall behind ÂÎðÑ Ì® ÂÎðÑèæ¯ ÃîèÇÎðÑ last, last ones (e.g., years or days) ÂÎîÑ Ì® ÂÎîÑèæ ¬ ¨åÄæñË º ÃïÎÑé Ì® ÃïÎÑêÇÊ© other ÃÎêÑ final, latest, latter ÃîÎêÑëÇ finally, at last åÊîÃîÎñðÑ Ì® èæ late ÃîÏîÈ Ì® ÂÏÇÈ literature ÃîÏêÈ Ì® ÃïÏîÈÇÁ litterateur, writer ÃîÏîèÇÊ ÇäÑîÈò× connectors ÃÏñé Çäé ¬ êïÄîÏñê to lead to ÅÐò because, since ÅÐÇ « ÇäåÇÖê if ÃîÐðæî äà ¨àç© ¬ êÃÐîæ ¬ ÇäÅÐòæ ¨Èà ¯áê© to permit someone (to) åðÆòÐîæÉ Ì® åîÂÐðæ minaret ÊÇÑêÎ Ì® ÊîèÇÑêÎ date; history ÃîÑïÒñ rice ÃÑòÖ Ì® ÃÑÇÖí ¯ ÇäÃÑÇÖê earth, land, ground åîÃÒðâ Ì® åÂÒðâ predicament, dilemma ÃÓñîÓî ¬ êïÄîÓñðÓ ¬ ÇäÊàñîÃÓêÓ to found, establish ÊîÃîÓñîÓî ¬ êîÊîÃîÓñîÓ ¬ ÇäÊñîÃîÓñïÓ to be founded, established ÃîÓÇÓ Ì® ÃïÓïÓ basis, foundation ÃîÓÇÓêñ basic åïÄîÓîñÓÉ Ì® ÇÊ foundation, establishment, commercial firm ÃïÓòÊÇÐ Ì® ÃîÓÇÊðÐÉ professor, teacher ÃïÓòÑÉ Ì® ÃïÓîÑ family ÃîÕòä Ì® ÃïÕèä descent, origin ÇäÅÚòÑêâ the ancient Greeks ÃîãàñîÏ ¨Ãæñ© ¬ êïÄîãñàðÏ ¬ ÇäÊîÃãêÏ to confirm, give assurance, emphasize Ãîãàîäî ¬ êîÃîãàïä ¬ ÇäÃîãàòä to eat åîÃãèä Ì® ÇÊ food ÃäÇñ ¨Ãæò « äÇ© not to ÅðäÇñ except äÇ ¨ÊáÙäò© ® ® ® èÅäÇ ¨áà© ® ® ® do not . . . or else ÇäàñîÊê Ì® ÇääñèÇÊê ¯ ÇääÇñÊê which (feminine) ÇäàñîÐê Ì® ÇäàñîÐêæî which (masculine) Ãîäòá Ì® ÂäÇá ¯ Ãïäèá thousand Çäé Ãæò « ÇäåÇÖê Ãè ÇäåÖÇÑÙ ÇäåæÕèÈ until Ãîå or Ãïåñ Ì® ÃïåñîçÇÊ mother ÃïåñÉ Ì® Ãïåîå nation, people ÇäÃïåîå ÇäåïÊñîÍðÏÉ United Nations ÃîåÇåî in front of, before ÅåÇå (prayer or religious) leader ÃîåñÇ ®®® áîà ®®® as for ... ÃîåîÑî ¨Èà© ¬ êÃåïÑ ¬ ÇäÃîåÑ to order, give an order to ÃîåòÑ Ì® ÃïåèÑ matter, affair, concern áê ÈÇÏðÆ ÇäÃîåÑ at first áê ÍâêâÉ ÇäÃåÑ in truth, in reality ÃîåòÑ Ì® ÃîèÇåðÑ order, command ¨áÙä© ÇäÃîåòÑ imperative ÃîåêÑ Ì® ÃïåîÑÇÁ commander åïÄòÊîåîÑ Ì® ÇÊ conference ÃîåòÓð yesterday Âåîæî ¨Èàðà ¯ Ãæñ© ¬ êïààÄåðæ ¬ ÇäÅêåÇæ to believe in/that ÃäÇñ ¨Ãîæò « äÇ© not to åÙ Ãæîñ ®®® ¨áàîà ¯áÅæñ© ®®® although, despite the fact that ..., ... Ùäé Ãæñ Nonetheless, ... ; However, ... Åæò if èÅæò ¨ãÇæ© ®®® even if åïÄîæñîË feminine ÅæòÌäêÒê ¨ÅæãäêÒê© Ì® ÅæòÌäêÒ ¨ÅæãäêÒ© English æÇÓ people ÅæòÓÇæ¯É human being ÂæðÓÉ Ì® ÇÊ Miss ÇðÓòÊîÃòæîáî ¬ êîÓòÊîÃòæðá ¬ ÇäÇðÓòÊðÆòæÇá to resume Ãîçòä Ì® ÃçÇäí ¯¨Çäà©ÃçÇäê people (of); family åÄîçñðäÇÊ credentials, especially academic degrees Ãîèîñä Ì® Ãïèîä ¯ÃîèÇÆðàä first (masculine) , first ones (often: years or days) Ãïèäé Ì® ÃèäîêÇÊ first (feminine) åæ Çä×ðÑÇÒ ÇäÃèñä (of) first-rate, first class (quality) ÇäÂæ now ÂêÉ Ì® ÇÊ verse (of the Quran) Ãîêò i.e. Ãîêñ ®®®¿ which ...? Ãêñ ¯ÃêñÉ any ÃêñîÏ ¬ êïÄîêñàðÏ ¬ ÇäÊîàÃêêÏ to support ÃîêòÖàëÇ also ÃîêñïçÇ ¨åÄæË º ÃîêñîÊïçÇ© Classical particle of address (vocative) È ÈîÍîËî Ùæ ¬ êîÈòÍîË ¬ ÇäÈîÍË to look for, search for ÈîÍòË ¨Ùäåê© Ì® ÃîÈÍÇË research ÈîÍòÑ Ì® ÈàðÍÇÑ ¯ÈïÍèÑ sea äÇ ÈïÏñî ¨åæ© Ãæò it is necessary, inevitable that ÈîÏîÃî ¬ êîÈòÏîÃ ¬ ÇäÈîÏòÁ to begin ÈðÏÇêÉ Ì® ÇÊ beginning ÇðÈòÊðÏÇÆê primary åïÈòÊîÏîÃ subject of a nominal clause áê ÈÇÏðÆ ÇäÃîåÑ at first ÈîÏêÙ marvelous, amazing, unique ÊîÈÇÏîäî ¬ êîÊîÈÇÏîä ¬ ÇäÊñîÈÇÏïä to exchange ÈîÏäÉ Ì® ÈîÏîäÇÊ ¯ÈðÏîä suit ÈîÏêæ fat ÈîÏÇ ¬ êîÈòÏè Ãîæîñ to appear, seem that ÈðÏèæ Ïèæ see ÈîÑòÏ cold (noun) ÈÇÑðÏ cold (adjective) ÈîÑêÏ mail, post ÈîÑîÒî ¬ êîÈòàÑïÒ ¬ ÇäÈïÑèÒ to come out, appear ÈÇÑðÒ Ì® èæ prominent ÈîÑÇÙÉ skill, talent ÊîÈîÑñîãî Èàà ¬ êîÊîÈîÑñîã ¬ ÇäÊñîÈîÑñïã to seek the blessings of (someone/something holy) ÈîÑîãÉ Ì® ÇÊ blessings åîÈòÑèã congratulations! ÈîÑòæÇåîÌ Ì® ÈîÑÇåðÌ program åïÈÇÑÇÉ Ì® åïÈÇÑîêÇÊ game, match ÈîÓê× Ì® ÈïÓî×ÇÁ simple, uncomplicated ÈàðÔÇÑÉ good news ÈîÕîàä onions ÈîÕòåÉ Ì® ÈîÕîåÇÊ imprint, impression ÈðÖÇÙÉ Ì® ÈîÖÇÆðÙ goods, merchandise Èð×ÇâÉ Ì® ÇÊ ticket, card Èî×æ Ì® Èï×èæ belly, stomach ÈàîÙòËÉ Ì® ÇÊ mission, delegation, group of exchange students ÈîÙÏî Ãæò « ÇäåÇÖê¯ÇäåÖÇÑÙ ÇäåæÕèÈ after ÈÙÏ ®®® Èà ¨êèå ¯ÃÓÈèÙ ¯ÓæÉ ®®®© (a day/a week/a year) after ÈîÙòÏî ÇäØñïçòÑ afternoon áêåÇ ÈÙÏï afterward, later ÈîÙêÏ ¨Ùæ© far, distant (from) ÈîÙòÖ some of ÈÙÖà ®®® ÇäÈÙÖ¯ÈÙÖÇë each other ÈîÚòä Ì® ÈðÚÇä mule Èîâðêî ¬ êîÈòâé ¬ ÇäÈîâÇÁ to remain, to keep on ÃîÈòâé ¨Ùäé© ¬ êïÈòâê ¬ ÇäÅÈòâÇÁ to make stay, to retain, to preserve, to keep, let remain ÈîâðêñÉ the rest, remainder of ÈîãÇäèÑòêèÓ bachelor's degree ÇðÈòÊîàãÑ ¬ êîÈòÊîàãðÑ ¬ ÇäÇðÈòÊðãÇÑ to originate, create Èîãé ¬ êîÈòãê ¬ ÇäÈïãÇÁ to cry, weep ÈîäîÏ Ì® ÈðäÇÏ¯ÈïäÏÇæ country ÈîäòÏÉ small town ÈîäîÚî ¬ êîÈäàïÚ ¬ ÇäÈïäèÚ to reach, attain (number, place) ÈîààäîàÚàî ¨æê© Ãæñ (I) heard that, (news) reached me that ... èâÏ ÈäÚ ÙåÑïç ®®® having reached the age of ... (lit., his age having reached ...) ÃîÈäîÚî ¨àç© Èà ¬ êïÈòäðÚ ¬ ÇäÅÈòäÇÚ to inform someone of ÇðÈòæ Ì® ÃîÈòæÇÁ son ÇðÈæÉ Ì® ÈîæÇÊ daughter ÈðæòÊ Ì® ÈîæÇÊ girl, daughter Èïæñêñ brown Èîæò×îäèæ Ì® Èîæò×îäèæÇÊ (a pair of) pants ÈîæîáòÓîÌðêñ purple Èîæé ¬ êîÈòæê ¬ ÇäÈðæÇÁ to build ÈðæÇêîÉ Ì® ÇÊ building åîÈòæé Ì® åîÈÇæí ¯ ÇäåÈÇæê building ÈÇÈ Ì® ÃîÈòèÇÈ door ÈîèñÇÈ Ì® èæ doorman ÈêÆÉ Ì® ÇÊ environment ÈÇÊî ¬ êîÈêÊ ¬ ÇäåîÈêÊ to spend the night ÈîêòÊ Ì® ÈïêèÊ house åïÈÇÍ permissible ÃîÈòêîÖ Ì® ÈêÖ ¨åèæñË º ÈîêòÖÇÁ Ì® ÈîêòÖÇèÇÊ© white ÈîêÇÖ whiteness Èîêñîæî ¨Ãæñ© ¬ êïÈêñðæ ¬ ÇäÊñîÈêêæ to clarify, make evident Èîêòæî between ÈîêòæîåÇ while Èîêñðæ clear, obvious Ê ÊîÈðÙî ¬ êîÊòÈîÙ ¬ ÇäÊñîÈîÙ to follow (e.g., someone), pursue, be attached to ÃîÊòÈîÙîà¨àç© Èà ¬ êïÊòÈðÙ ¬ ÇäÅÊòÈÇÙ to follow (something) with (something) ÇðÊñîÈîÙî ¬ êîÊñîÈðÙ ¬ ÇäÇðÊñðÈÇÙ to follow (e.g., instructions) ÇäÊðñÌÇÑÉ commerce, trade ÊðÌÇÑêñ commercial ÊÇÌðÑ Ì® ÊïÌñÇÑ merchant, trader ÊîÍòÊî below åîÊàòÍîá Ì® åîÊÇÍðá museum ÊïÑÇË èÑË see ÊîÑòÌå ¬ êïÊÑÌðå ¬ ÇäÊîÑòÌîåÉ to translate åïÊîÑòÌðå Ì® èæ translator ÊîÑîãî ¬ êîÊòÑïã ¬ ÇäÊñîÑòã to leave (something) ÊïÑãðêñ Ì® ÇäÃîÊÑÇã Turk, Turkish ÊîÙòÈÇæ Ì® èæ tired Êðäòãî Ì® Ãèäà§àÆðãî ¨åÐãàñÑº Ð§äðã© that (demonstrative pronoun, feminine) ÊðäòåêÐ Ì® ÊîäÇåêÐ ¯ ÊîäÇåðÐÉ pupil, student ÊÇäí ¯¨Çäà©ÊÇäê following Êîàåñî ¬ êîÊðåñ ¬ ÇäÊñîåÇå « ÇäåÕÏÑ to be completed ÃîÊåîñ ¬ êïÊðåñ ¬ ÇäÅÊåÇå to complete (something) ÊîåÇåÇë completely ÃÊÇÍî ¨àç© äàð ¬ êïÊêÍ ¬ ÇäÅðÊÇÍÉ to grant (something) to (someone) Ë ËÇÈðÊ fixed, firmly established, proven ÃîËòÈîÊî ¬ êïËòÈðÊ ¬ ÇäÅËòÈÇÊ to prove ÇäËàñîâÇáÉ culture åïËâñîá Ì® èæ educated, intellectual, cultured (elite) Ëîâêä heavy (in weight or density) ËàïäËò one-third ÇäËàñïàäÇËÇÁ Tuesday ËîäòÌ snow, ice åïËàòäðÌ snowy Ëàïåîñ then ÇäÇËàòæîêòæ Monday ËÇæí ¯ÇäàËÇæê second ËÇæîèêñÉ secondary ÇäËîÇæîèðêñÉ ÇäÙÇåñîÉ Baccalaureate ÇäåïËîæñé the dual ËîèÇÈ reward from God ËðêÇÈ clothes ÈðåîËÇÈÉð « ÇÓå áê ÅÖÇáÉ like, equivalent to, functioning as ËÇÑî ¨Ùäé© ¬ êîËèÑ ¬ ÇäËñîèÑÉ to revolt against ÃîËÇÑî ¬ êïËêÑ ¬ ÇäÅËÇÑÉ to stir up, arouse ËîèòÑÉ Ì® ÇÊ revolution Ëèå garlic Ì ÌîÈîä Ì® ÌðÈÇä mountain ÌîÏñ Ì® ÌïÏèÏ ¯ ÃîÌÏÇÏ grandfather ÌîÏñÉ Ì® ÌîÏñÇÊ grandmother ÌðÏñ ëÇ very ÌîÏêÏ Ì® ÌïÏïÏ new êîÌÏïÑ ÈæÇ Ãæò we should, we ought to (lit., it behooves us to) ÌîÏîä debate ÌîÏòèîä chart, table, schedule ÌîÏèîä ÃîÙåÇä agenda ÌîÏòèé use, worth ÌîÐÑ Ì® ÌïÐèÑ root ÇäåîÌòÑèÑ genitive case (of nouns) ÊîÌòÑðÈÉ Ì® ÊîÌÇÑðÈ experience åÌÑñîÏ « ÇÓå áê ÅÖÇáÉ mere ÌîÑêÏÉ Ì® ÌîÑÇÆðÏ newspaper ÌîÑîé ¬ êîÌòÑê ¬ ÇäÌîÑê to run; happen ÌïÒòÁ ¨åæ© Ì® ÃîÌòÒÇÁ part of ÌîÒñÇÑ Ì® èæ butcher ÌîÒêÑÉ Ì® ÌïÒïÑ island ÇäåîÌÒèå jussive mood (of verbs) ÌðÓå Ì® ÃîÌÓÇå body ÌîÙîäî ¬ êîÌòÙîä ¬ ÇäÌîÙòä to cause, make (someone/something) ÌîÙîäî ¨áê ÇäåÇÖê© « ÇäåÖÇÑÙ ÇäåÑáèÙ to begin åîÌîäñÉ Ì® ÇÊ magazine, journal ÌîäàîÈî ¬ êîÌòäàðððÈ ¬ ÇäÌîäòÈ to bring ÌîäÇñÈêñÉ Ì® ÇÊ traditional gown-like garment worn by both men and women ÌîäîÓî ¬ êîÌòäðÓ ¬ ÇäÌïäèÓ to sit ÌîàäòÓÉ Ì® ÇÊ gathering åîÌäðÓ ¨æðàêÇÈê© Ì® åîÌÇäðÓ (representative) assembly ÇäÌîàäÇÁ Ùæ evacuation (by an occupying force) ÌÇäðêÉ Ì® ÇÊ foreign community ÌîåîÙî ¬ êîÌòåîÙ ¬ ÇäÌîåÙ to gather, collect (something) ÌîåîÙî Èêæ ¬ êîÌåîÙ ¬ ÇäÌîåòÙ to link, bring together ÊîÌîåñîÙî ¬ êîÊîÌîåñîÙ ¬ ÇäÊñîÌîåñïÙ to gather together, gather ÇðÌòÊîåîÙî ¨åÙ© ¬ êîÌòÊîåðÙ ¬ ÇäÇðÌòÊðåÇÙ to convene, meet (with) ÌîåòÙ plural ÇäÌïåòÙÉ Friday ÌîåòÙðêñÉ Ì® ÇÊ society, organization ÌîåÇÙÉ Ì® ÇÊ group (of people) ÌîåêÙ » ÇäÌîåêÙ all; everyone ÌîåêÙëÇ together, altogether ¨Ùðäòå© ÇäÇðÌòÊðåÇÙ sociology ÇðÌòÊðåÇÙêñ social ÌÇåðÙ Ì® ÌîèÇåðÙ mosque ÌÇåðÙÉ Ì® ÇÊ university åîÌòåèÙÉ Ì® ÇÊ group åïÌòÊîåîÙ ® Ì® ÇÊ society ÌïåòäÉ Ì® Ìïåîä sentence, clause ÌîåÇä beauty Ùðäå ÇäÌîåÇä aesthetics Ìîåêä beautiful åïÌÇåîäÉ Ì® ÇÊ flattery, insincere praise Ìðæñêñ Ì® ÌÇæñ genie, demon ÇäÌðæñ genies (collective plural) ÌîàæñÉ Ì® ÇÊ paradise ÌîæèÈ south ÌÇæðÈ Ì® ÌîèÇæðÈ side, aspect ÈðÌÇæðÈ next to ÃîÌòæîÈêñ Ì® ÃîÌÇæðÈ foreign, foreigner ÌðæÓ sex, gender; class, genus ÌðæòÓðêñÉ Ì® ÌðæòÓðêñÇÊ nationality ÌÇçîÏî ¬ êïÌÇçðÏ ¬ ÇäÌðçÇÏ to struggle, to exert oneself for a purpose Ìîçðäî ¬ êîÌòçîä ¬ ÇäÌîçòä to be ignorant of Ìîèñ Ì® ÃîÌòèÇÁ weather ÃîÌÇÈî ¨Ùæ© ¬ êïÌêÈ ¬ ÇäÅÌÇÈÉ to answer (a question) ÊîÌÇèîÈî ¨åÙ© ¬ êîÊîÌÇèîÈ ¬ ÇäÊñîÌÇèïÈ to respond positively to ÌîêðñÏ Ì® èæ ¯ÌðêÇÏ good ÇäÌèÏÉ (good) quality, goodness ÌÇÑ Ì® ÌêÑÇæ neighbor ÌÇÒî ¬ êîÌèÒ ¬ ÇäÌîèÇÒ to pass, be permissible ÌîèÇÒ ÓîáîÑ Ì® ÌîèÇÒÇÊ ÓîáîÑ passport ÅÌÇÒÉ Ì® ÇÊ vacation, leave of absence ÌÇÆðÒÉ Ì® ÌîèÇÆðÒ prize ÊîÌîèñîäî ¨áê© ¬ êîÊîÌîèñîä ¬ ÇäÊîÌîèñïä to roam around in, circulate åîÌÇä Ì® ÇÊ field, area (e.g., of inquiry, study) ÌÇÁî ¬ êîÌêÁ ¬ ÇäåîÌêÁ to come ÌÇÁî Èðà to bring ÌîêòÔ Ì® ÌïêèÔ army Ìêä Ì® ÃîÌòêÇä generation Í ÃîÍîÈñî ¬ êïÍðÈñ ¬ ÇäÍïÈñ to love ÍîÊñé until ÍîÊñé « ÇäåÖÇÑÙ ÇäåæÕèÈ so as to ÇäÍîÌñ the pilgrimage to Mecca ÍÇÌñ Ì® ÍïÌñÇÌ pilgrim (especially one who has performed pilgrimage to Mecca) ÇäÍðÌÇÈ veil or scarf covering the hair ÍîÏñîÏî ¬ êïÍîÏñðÏ ¬ ÇäÊîñÍòÏêÏ to determine, set (e.g., a time or limit) ÍîÏñ Ì® ÍïÏèÏ limit, border, extent Çäé ÃâÕé ÍîÏñ ¬ Çäé ÍÏñ ãÈêÑ to the greatest extent; to a large extent Çäé ÍîÏñ í åÇ to some extent ÍÇÏñ ¨ÇäåÕÏÑº ÇäÍðÏñÉ© sharp åîÍòÏèÏ limited ÍîÏîËî ¬ êîÍòÏïË ¬ ÇäÍïÏèË to happen ÍîÏñîËî àç ¬ êïÍîÏñðË to speak to someone ÊîÍîÏñîËî ¨Ùîæ ¬ åÙ© ¬ êîÊîÍîÏñîË ¬ ÇäÊîÍîÏñïË to talk, speak (about, with) ÍîÏîË Ì® ÃîÍòÏÇË event ÍîÏêË Ì® ÃîÍÇÏêË speech; Prophetic tradition ÍîÏêË modern, new åïÍÇÏîËÉ Ì® ÇÊ conversation ÍÇÏðË Ì® ÍîèÇÏðË accident ÍîÏêâÉ Ì® ÍîÏÇÆðâ garden, park ÊîÍîÏñ í¯ÇäÊîÍîÏñê Ì® ÊîÍîÏñðêÇÊ challenge ÍðÐÇÁ Ì® ÃîÍòÐðêÉ (pair of) shoes ÍÇÑñ hot ÍïÑñðêñÉ Ì® ÇÊ freedom ÇäÊñîÍòÑêÑ editing, writing; liberation ÍîÑîÕî ¨ Ùäé© ¬ êîÍòÑðÕ ¬ ÇäÍðÑòÕ to be keen on ÍîÑîãÉ Ì® ÇÊ movement, motion ÍîÑñîåî ¨àç© ¨Ùäé© ¬ êïÍîÑñðå ¬ ÇäÊñîÍòÑêå to forbid (something) (to someone) ÇðÍÊîÑîåî ¬ êîÍòÊîÑðå ¬ ÇäÇðÍòÊðÑÇå to respect ÍîÑîå wife ÇäÍîÑêå women or their (secluded) quarters ÍîÑÇå unlawful (from a religious or moral standpoint) ÍðÒòÈ Ì® ÃîÍòÒÇÈ (political) party ÍïÒòæ Ì® ÃîÍòÒÇæ sadness, sorrow ÍîÓîÈî ¬ êîÍòÓïÈ ¬ ÇäÍðÓÇÈ to calculate ÍîÓîåî ¬ êîÍòÓðå ¬ ÇäÍîÓòå to decide once and for all, settle (e.g., a question) ÃîÍòÓîæî to do well, be good at ÍîÓîæ good ÃîÍòÓîæ best ÍîÕîÑî ¨àç© áê ¬ êîÍÕðïÑ ¬ ÇäÍîÕòÑ to limit (something) to ÍîÕîäî Ùäé ¬ êîÍòÕïä ¬ ÇäÍïÕèä to get, obtain ÍîÖîÑî ¨Åäé© ¬ êîÍòÖïÑ ¬ ÇäÍïÖèÑ to come (to), attend ÍîÖñîÑî ¬ êïÍîÖñðÑ ¬ ÇäÊñîÍòÖêÑ to prepare (e.g., food, a lesson) ÇäÍÇÖðÑ the present ÍîÖÇÑÉ Ì® ÇÊ civilization åïÍÇÖîÑÉ Ì® ÇÊ lecture ÍÇÖðÑÉ Ì® ÍîèÇÖðÑ large city åîÍî×ñÉ Ì® ÇÊ ¨ÃèÊèÈêÓ ¬ âð×ÇÑ ¬ ÑÇÏêè ¬ ÈæÒêæ ®®®© station ÍîØñ luck ÍîáêÏ¯É Ì® ÃîÍòáÇÏ grandchild ÍîáðØî ¬ êîÍòáîØ ¬ ÇäÍðáòØ to memorize; to keep, preserve åïÍÇáîØÉ Ì® ÇÊ province ÇðÍòÊîáîäî Èà ¬ êîÍòÊîáðä ¬ ÇäÇðÍòÊðáÇä to celebrate ÍîáäÉ ÍîáîäÇÊ party ÍáäÉ åèÓêâêñÉ concert Íâàñîâî ¬ êïÍîàâàñðâ ¬ ÇäÊîÍòâêâ to realize, achieve Íîâñ Ì® Íïâèâ right(s) ÇäÍïâèâ law ÍîâêâÉ Ì® ÍîâÇÆðâ truth, reality áê ÇäÍîâêâÉ actually, in truth áê ÍâêâÉ ÇäÃåÑ in truth, in reality Íîâêâðêñ real, actual Íîãîåî ¬ êîÍòãïå ¬ ÇäÍïãòå to rule ÍïãèåÉ Ì® ÇÊ government Íîãé ¬ êîÍòãê ¬ ÇäÍðãÇêÉ to tell, relate (a story) ÍðãÇêÉ Ì® ÇÊ story, tale ÇäÍîãîèÇÊê Ì® èæ professional storyteller Íîäñî ¬ êîÍïäñ ¬ ÇäÍîäñ to solve ÇðÍòÊàîäñî ¬ êîÍòÊîààäñ ¬ ÇäÇðÍÊðäÇä to occupy Íîäñ Ì® Íïäèä solution (to a problem) åîÍîäñ Ì® ÇÊ place åîÍîäñêñ local ÍîäêÈ milk Íîàäîàåî Èðà ¬ êîÍòàäàïå ¬ ÇäÍïàäòå to dream of Íïäòå Ì® ÃîÍòäÇå dream Íïäòè sweet ÍîäîèðêñÇÊ desserts åÇ ÃîÍòäé ®®® ¡ how beautiful is ... ! ÇðÓòÊîÍîåñî ¬ êîÓòÊîÍðåñ ¬ ÇäÇðÓòÊðÍåÇå to bathe ÍîåñÇå Ì® ÇÊ bathroom ÍîåñÇå ÓðÈÇÍÉ swimming pool ÃîÍòåîÑ Ì® ÍïåòÑ ¨åÄæñË º ÍîåòÑÇÁ© red Íîåîäî ¬ êîÍòåðä ¬ ÇäÍîåòä carry ÍîåòäÉ ¬ Ì® ÍîåîäÇÊ offensive, campaign ÍÇåðä Ì® èæ ¯ÍîàåàîäÉ carrier Íîåè father-in-law ÍîåÇÉ Ì® ÍîåîèÇÊ mother-in-law åïÍÇåí ¯¨Çäà©åïÍÇåê Ì® åïÍÇåèæ lawyer ÍîæÇæ tenderness, affection Íîæêæ longing, yearning ÍÇæèÊ Ì® ÍîèÇæêÊ shop ÍîèñÇÁ Eve ÇðÍòÊÇÌî ¨Çäé© ¬ êîÍòÊÇÌ ¬ ÇäÇðÍòÊðêÇÌ to need, be in need of ÍÇÌÉ Ì® ÇÊ need, necessity ÈðÍÇÌÉ Åäé in need of ÍÇÑÉ Ì® ÇÊ neighborhood; small street ÍðèÇÑ Ì® ÇÊ dialogue ÍîèòÔ courtyard åïÍê× Ì® ÇÊ ocean; environment ÍîÇäî ¨Ïèæ© ¬ êîÍèä ¬ ÇäÍîêòäèäÉ to stand in the way of ÍÇèîäî ¬ êïÍÇèðä ¬ ÇäåïÍÇèäÉ to try, attempt ÊîÍîèñîäî ¨Çäé© ¬ êîÊîÍèñîä ¬ ÇäÊñîÍèñïä to transform, change into ÍÇä Ì® ÃÍòèÇä state, condition Ùäé çÐç ÇäÍÇä in this manner, fashion ÍÇäÉ Ì® ÇÊ state, situation, case ÍÇäÇë ¬ áê ÇäÍÇä presently, immediately ÍÇäêñ Ì® èæ present ÍîèÇäé roughly, around åïÓòÊîÍêä impossible ÇðÍÊîèé ¨Ùäé© ¬ êîÍÊîèê ¬ ÇäÇðÍÊðèÇÁ to contain Íîêñ Ì® ÃîÍòêÇÁ quarter (of a city) ÇäÍîêÇÉ life ÍîêòËï where (not a question) åæ ÍêËï in terms of, regarding Íêæî when (not a question) áê Íêæ whereas ÃîÍòêÇæëÇ sometimes Î ÃîÎòÈîÑî ¨ àç© ¨Èà © ¬ êïÎòÈðÑ ¬ ÇäÅÎòÈÇÑ to inform (someone) of (news) ÎîÈîÑ Ì® ÃîÎòÈÇÑ news; predicate of a nominal clause ÎðÈòÑÉ Ì® ÇÊ experience ÎïÈòÒ bread ÇäÎîÌîä shyness, abashment ÎîÌèä Ì® èæ shy, abashed åïÎîÏñðÑÇÊ drugs ÎîÏîåî ¬ êîÎòÏðå ¬ ÇäÎðÏåÉ to serve ÇðÓòÊîÎÏîåî ¬ êîÓòÊîÎòÏðå ¬ ÇäÇðÓòÊðÎòÏÇå to use ÎîÑîÌî ¬ êîÎòÑïÌ ¬ ÇäÎïÑèÌ to go out ÎîÑîñÌ ¬ êïÎîÑñðÌ ¬ ÇäÊñîÎÑêÌ to graduate (someone) ÃîÎòÑîÌ ¬ êïÎòÑðÌ ¬ ÇäÅÎòÑÇÌ to cause to go/come out, produce ÊîÎîÑñîÌî ¬ êîÊîÎñîÑîÌ ¬ ÇäÊîÎîÑñïÌ to graduate ÎðÑñêÌ Ì® èæ (a) graduate (of) ÎÇÑðÌî outside ÇðÎòÊîÑîÙî ¬ êîÎòÊîÑðÙ ¬ ÇäÇðÎòÊðÑÇÙ to invent ÇäÎîÑêá fall, autumn ÎîÕîñÕî ¬ êïÎîÕñðÕ ¬ ÇäÊñîÎòÕêÕ to set aside, designate ÊîÎîÕîñÕî ¬ êÊîÎîÕñîÕ ¬ ÇäÊñîÎîÕñïÕ to specialize ÎîÕÇÆðÕ special characteristics ÎÇÕñ special; (its) own, private ÎÇÕñ Èà of special concern to (someone) ÎÇÕñÉë especially åïÊîÎîÕñðÕ áê Ì® èæ specializing, specialist in ÎïÕèÕëÇ èÃæñ ®®® especially since ÇðÎòÊîÕîÑî ¬ êîÎòÊîÕðÑ ¬ ÇäÇðÎòÊðÕÇÑ to abbreviate, abridge ÎïÖÇÑ vegetables ÃîÎòÖîÑ ¨åÄæË º ÎîÖòÑÇÁ© green Îî×îÃ Ì® ÃîÎò×ÇÁ error, mistake Îî×îÈî ¬ êîÎò×ïÈ ¬ ÇäÎï×òÈÉ¯ÇäÎï×èÈÉ to become engaged ÎÇ×îÈî ¬ êïÎÇ×ðÈ ¬ ÇäÎð×ÇÈ to speak, address (someone) Îð×ÇÈ discourse Îî×îÑî Ùäé ÈÇäàð ¨àç© ¬ êîÎò×ïÑ it occurred to (e.g., of an idea) Îî×ðÑ¯ Îî×êÑ dangerous, serious Îîáêá light (in weight or density) ÎðäÇäî during åæ ÎðäÇä through, by way of, from ÇäÎîäêÌ ¨ÇäÙîÑîÈê¯ÇäáÇÑðÓê© (Arabian/Persian) Gulf ÎîäñîÕ ¨àç© ¨åæ© ¬ êïÎäñðÕ ¬ ÇäÊñîÎòäêÕ to save, rescue, rid (someone) of ÎîäîÙî ¬ êîÎòäîÙ ¬ ÇäÎîäòÙ to take off (clothes) Îîäîáî ¬ êïîÎòäïá ¬ ÇäÎðäÇáÉ to succeed, be a successor of ÎÇäîáî ¬ êïÎÇäðá ¬ ÇäåïÎÇäáÉ to violate (law), go against ÇðÎòÊîäîáî ¨åæ ¯Ùîæ© ¬ êîÎòÊîäðá ¬ ÇäÇðÎòÊðäÇá to differ from ÇðÎòÊîäîáî Ùäé to disagree on, about Ùäé ÇÎòÊðäÇá « ÇÓå áê ÅÖÇáÉ irrespective of the difference ..., of all different ... ÎîäêáÉ Ì® ÎïäîáÇÁ caliph, successor (masculine) ÇäÎðäÇáÉ caliphate ÎîäòáðêñÉ Ì® ÇÊ background åïÎòÊîäðá ¨Ùæ© Ì® èæ different (from) ÃîÎòäÇâ morals ÎîäÇ ¨åæ© ¬ êîÎòàäè ¬ ÇäÎïäïèñ to be empty of ÎîåòÑ Ì® ÎïåèÑ wine ÇäÎîåêÓ Thursday Îîåîñæî ¬ êïÎîåñðæ ¬ ÇäÊñîÎòåêæ to guess ÎðæòÒêÑ Ì® ÎîæÇÒêÑ pig, pork ÎÇáî ¨åðæ© ¬ êîÎÇá ¬ ÇäÎîèòá to fear, be afraid (of) ÎÇÆðá Ì® èæ scared ÎÇä Ì® ÃîÎòèÇä uncle (maternal) ÎÇäÉ Ì® ÇÊ aunt (maternal) ÎÇæî ¬ êîÎèæ ¬ ÇäÎðêÇæÉ to betray, to cheat, to be disloyal ÇðÎòÊÇÑî ¬ êîÎòÊÇÑ ¬ ÇäÇðÎòÊðêÇÑ to choose ÈðÎîêòÑ well, fine (said of people only) ÎîêòÑêñ charitable, philanthropic ÎîêÇä imagination ÎîêÇäðêñ imaginary Ï ÏîÌÇÌ chicken (collective) ÏîÎîäî ¬ êîÏòÎïä ¬ ÇäÏñïÎèä to enter ÊîÏÇÎîäî ¬ êîÊîÏÇÎîä ¬ ÇäÊñîÏÇÎïä to overlap with each other ÏîÎòä income ÏîÎñîæî ¬ êïÏîÎðñæ ¬ ÇäÊñîÏòÎêæ to smoke ÏïÎÇæ smoke ÏîÑîÌÉ Ì® -ÇÊ degree; class, rate (e.g., first, second, etc.) ÇäÏñÇÑðÌÉ ¨ÇääÚÉ Ãè ÇääîçòÌÉ© colloquial, popular (language) ÊîÏòÑêÌðêñÇë gradually, by degrees ÏîÑîÓî ¬ êîÏòÑïÓ ¬ ÇäÏðñÑÇÓÉ to study ÏîÑñîÓî ¬ êïÏîÑðñÓ ¬ ÇäÊñîÏòÑêÓ to teach ÏîÑòÓ Ì® ÏïÑèÓ lesson ÏðÑÇÓÉ Ì® ÇÊ study (of), studies åîÏòÑîÓÉ Ì® åîÏÇÑðÓ school ÃîÏòÑîãî ¬ êïÏÑðã ¬ ÇäÅÏòÑÇã to overtake; realize ÏîÙÇ Çäé ¬ êîÏÙè ¬ ÇäÏîÙòèÉ to call for; invite (someone) to ÇðÓòÊîÏòÙé ¬ êîÓòÊîÏòÙê ¬ ÇäÇðÓòÊðÏòÙÇÁ to call or send for someone, summon ÏîÙòèÉ Ì® ÏîÙîèÇÊ invitation; call ÏîáòÊîÑ Ì® ÏîáÇÊðÑ copybook, notebook ÏÇáðÙ Ì® ÏîèÇáðÙ impetus, motive åðÏòáîÙ Ì® åîÏÇáðÙ cannon ÏîâêâÉ Ì® ÏîâÇÆðâ minute ÏïãÊèÑ¯É Ì® ÏîãÇÊðÑÉ doctor ÇäÏñïãòÊèÑÇç Ph.D. ÏïãñÇæ Ì® ÏîãÇãêæ store, shop Ïîäñî ¨Ùäé© ¬ êîÏïäñ ¬ ÇäÏñîäÇäÉ to indicate, point to Ïîå Ì® ÏðåÇÁ blood ÇäÏñïæòêÇ the world ÏïçðÔî ¬ êïÏòçîÔ ¬ ÇäÏñîçòÔÉ to be amazed ÏÇÑî ¨Íîèä© ¬ êîÏèÑ ¬ ÇäÏñîèîÑÇæ to revolve (around) ÏÇÑ Ì® ÏïèÑ house ÇäÏñÇÑ ÇäÈîêòÖÇÁ Casablanca ÏîèÑðêñÉ Ì® ÇÊ periodical ÅÏÇÑÉ ÇäÃîÙòåÇä business administration åïÏêÑ Ì® èæ ¯åïÏîÑÇÁ director ÏîèäÉ Ì® Ïïèîä nation, state Ïîèòäêñ ¯Ïïèîäêñ international ÏÇÆðåëÇ always Ïîèñîæî ¬ êïÏîèñðæ ¬ ÇäÊñîÏòèêæ to write down, record (in writing) Ïèæî ¯ ÈðÏèæð without Ïîèðêñ roar, reverberation Ïêæ Ì® ÃîÏòêÇæ religion Ð ÐïÎñðÑî Èàð to be richly supplied with Ð§äðã Ì® Ãèäà§àÆðãî ¨åÄæñË º Êðäòãî© that (demonstrative pronoun, masculine) ãîÐ§äðã also, likewise äðÐ§äðã so, thus äðÐÇ so, thus èáèâ Ðäã ¨çÐÇ© ãäñç ¨áîà ¯áÅæñ© ®®® moreover, ... èåÙ Ðäã ¨áîà ¯áÅæñ© nonetheless, nevertheless, in spite of that, ÐîãîÑî ¬ êîÐòãïÑ ¬ ÇäÐñðãòÑ to recall; mention ÐîãñîÑî ¨àç© ¨Èà© ¬ êïÐîãñàðÑ ¬ ÇäÊñîÐòãêÑ to remind (someone) (of) ÐÇãîÑî ¬ êïÐÇãðÑ ¬ ÇäåïÐÇãîÑÉ to study, review lessons, do homework ÊîÐîãàñîÑî ¬ êîÊîÐîãàñîÑ ¬ ÇäÊñîÐîãñïÑ to remember ÐðãÑé Ì® ÐðãòÑîêÇÊ memory åïÐîãñîÑ masculine åïÐîãñðÑÇÊ memoirs, notes Ðîãðêñ Ì® ÃîÐòãðêÇÁ smart, intelligent ÐîçîÈî ¬ êîÐòçîÈ ¬ ÇäÐîçÇÈ to go ÐçÈ Èàð to take (someone) ÐîçîÈêñ gold Ðè ¨ÐÇ ¬ Ðê© ¬ ¨åÄæËº© ÐÇÊ possessing ÐÇÊ Ì® ÐîèÇÊ self, same Ñ ÑîÃîÓî ¬ êîÑòÃîÓ ¬ ÇäÑñðÆÇÓÉ to preside over ÑðÆÇÓÉ Ì® ÇÊ presidency ÑîÃÓ Ì® ÑïÄèÓ head ÑîÆêÓ Ì® ÑïÄîÓÇÁ president ÑîÃîé ¬ êîÑé ¬ ÇäÑñïÄòêÉ to see ÑîÃòê Ì® ÂÑÇÁ opinion ¨Çäà©ÑîÈñ God, Lord ÑïÈñîåÇ perhaps ÑïÈòÙ Ì® ÃîÑòÈÇÙ one-quarter ÇäÃîÑòÈðÙÇÁ Wednesday ÇäÑñîÈêÙ spring ÇäÊñîÑòÈðêÉ education ÑîÊñîÈî ¬ êïÑîÊñðÈ ¬ ÇäÊñîÑòÊêÈ to arrange, prepare ÑîÌîÙî ¬ êîÑòÌðÙ ¬ ÇäÑñïÌèÙ to return ÑÇÌÙ ¬ êîÑÇÌÙ ¬ ÇäåïÑÇÌÙÉ to review åîÑòÌðÙ Ì® åîÑÇÌðÙ reference work ÑîÌïä Ì® ÑðÌÇä man ÑðÌòä Ì® ÃîÑÌïä foot ÑîÌÇ ¨Ãæò© ¬ êîÑòÌè ¬ ÇäÑñîÌÇÁ to hope; to wish (for someone) to ÑîÍñîÈî ¨Èðà© ¬ êïÑîÍðñÈ ¬ ÇäÊñîÑòÍêÈ to welcome ÑîÍîäî ¬ êîÑòÍîä ¬ ÇäÑñîÍêä ¯ÇäÊñîÑÍÇä to travel, to set out, depart ÑðÍòäÉ Ì® ÇÊ trip, journey, flight ÑîÍñÇäÉ ¨åÐãÑ è åÄæË© Ì® ÑîÍñÇäèæ great traveler, explorer åîÑòÍîäÉ Ì® åîÑÇÍðä level, stage, phase åîÑòÍèå Ì® èæ deceased ÑîÎêÕ cheap, inexpensive ÊîÑîÏñîÏî áê ¬ êîÊîÑîÏñîÏ ¬ ÇäÊîÑîÏïñÏ « åÕÏÑ to hesitate in (doing) ÊîÑîÏñîÏî Ùäé ¨åãÇæ© to frequent, stop repeatedly at ÑðÒòâ Ì® ÃîÑòÒÇâ livelihood, Òdaily breadÓ (provided by God) ÑîÓîÈî ¬ êîÑòÓïÈ ¬ ÇäÑïÓèÈ to fail (e.g., in an examination) ÑÇÓîäî ¬ êïÑÇÓðä ¬ ÇäåïÑÇÓîäÉ to correspond, exchange letters ÃîÑòÓîäî ¬ êïÑòÓðä ¬ ÇäÅÑòÓÇä to send ÑðÓÇäÉ Ì® ÑîÓÇÆðä letter ÑîÓèä Ì® ÑïÓïä prophet, messenger ÑîÓîåî ¬ êîÑòÓïå ¬ ÇäÑñîÓòå to draw ÑîÓòåêñ official; formal ÑîÔñî ¬ êîÑïÔñ ¬ ÇäÑñîÔñ to sprinkle, spray Ñï×èÈÉ humidity ÑîÙé ¬ êîÑòÙé ¬ ÇäÑñðÙÇêÉ to care for, take charge of ÇðÓòÊîÑòÙé ¬ êîÓòÊîÑòÙê ¨ÇäæñîØîÑ© to attract (attention) ÑîÚðÈî áê ¬ êîÑòÚîÈ ¬ ÇäÑîÚòÈÉ to want, have a desire to ÈÇäÑîñÚàòå åæ ¯ Ùäé ÇäÑñîÚòå åæ ®®® ¨ áà ¯ áÅæñ © ®®® despite ÑîáîÖî ¬ êîÑòáïÖ ¬ ÇäÑñîáòÖ to refuse ÑîáîàÙî ¬ êîÑòáàîÙ ¬ ÇäÑîáòÙ to raise (something) ÇäåîÑáèÙ indicative mood (verbs), nominative case (nouns) ÇäÑñîâòÕ dancing ÑîâîÏî ¬ êîÑòâïÏ ¬ ÇäÑñïâèÏ to lie down Ñîâòå Ì® ÃîÑòâÇå number ÊîÑòãêÈ Ì® ÊîÑÇãêÈ structure, (linguistic) construction åîÑòãîÈ Ì® åîÑÇãðÈ boat, ship ÑîãñîÒî ¨Ùäé© ¬ êïÑîãàñðÒ ¬ ÇäÊñîÑòãêÒ to concentrate, focus (on) åîÑòãîÒ Ì® åÑÇãðÒ center Ñïãòæ Ì® ÃîîÑòãÇæ corner, cornerstone, pillar (literal and figurative) ÑîåÇÏðêñ grey ÑîåîÖÇæ Ramadan (month during which Muslims fast) ÇðÓòÊîÑÇÍî ¬ êîÓòÊîÑêÍ ¬ ÇäÇðÓòÊðÑÇÍÉ to rest, relax ÑÇÍÉ comfort, ease ÑèÍ Ì® ÃîÑòèÇÍ spirit, soul ÑèÍêñ spiritual ÃîÑÇÏî ¨Ãîæò© ¬ êïÑêÏ ¬ ÇäÅÑÇÏÉ to want to ÑÇÆðÏ¯É Ì® ÑïèñÇÏ leader, pioneer ÑÇÆðÙ Ì® èæ wonderful, awesome ÇäÑñðêÇÖÉ sports Ñîèé ¬ êîÑòèê ¬ ÇäÑñðèÇêÉ to narrate, tell, relate; to irrigate ÑÇèí ¯¨Çäà©ÑÇèê Ì® ÑïèÇÉ relator, narrator, storyteller ÑðèÇêñÉ Ì® ÇÊ novel ÑðèÇÆê Ì® èæ novelist Ñêá Ì® ÃîÑòêÇá countryside, rural area Ò ÒîÌîä Ì® ÃîÒòÌÇä type of poetry/song in colloquial ÒîÍòá advance, march (e.g., of an army) ÇðÒòÏîÍîåî ¬ êîÒòÏîÍðå ¬ ÇäÇðÒñÏðÍÇå to be (over)crowded ÒîÑîÙî ¬ êîÒòÑîÙ ¬ ÇäÒñðÑÇÙÉ to plant, sow ÒðÑÇÙÉ agriculture ÒðÑÇÙðêñ agricultural ÃîÒòÑîâ Ì® ÒïÑòâ ¨åÄæñË º ÒîÑòâÇÁ© blue ÒðáÇá wedding celebration ÇäÒîñãÇÉ alms (one of the five pillars of Islam) ÇäÊîÒîäñïÌ skiing åïÊîÒîåñðÊ Ì® èæ narrow-minded, intolerant Òîåêä¯É Ì® ÒïåîäÇÁ classmate; colleague ÒîåÇäÉ collegiality ÇäÒñîåîæ ¯ ÇäÒñîåÇæ time (abstract) ÇðÒòÏîçîÑ ¬ êîÒòÏîçðÑ ¬ ÇäÇÒòÏðçÇÑ to flourish ÒîçòÑêñ pink ÊîÒîèîñÌî ¬ êîÊîÒîèñîÌ ¬ ÇäÒñîèÇÌ to get married ÒîèòÌ Ì® ÃîÒòèÇÌ husband ÒîèòÌÉ Ì® ÇÊ wife åïÊîÒîèñðÌ Ì® èæ married ÒÇÑî ¬ êîÒèÑ ¬ ÇäÒñðêÇÑÉ to visit åÇ ÒÇäî ¬ äÇ êîÒÇä « ÇäåÖÇÑÙ ÇäåÑáèÙ ¯ÇÓå to continue to, still (lit., to not cease) ÒÇèðêÉ Ì® ÒîèÇêÇ corner; headquarters of a Sufi order ÃîÒòêÇÁ clothes ÒîêòÊ Ì® ÒïêèÊ oil ÒîêòÊèæ olives ÒÇÏî ¨Ùæ© ¬ êîÒêÏ ¬ ÇäÒðêÇÏÉ to be or become more (than) ÒÇÏî ¬ êîÒêÏ ¨àç© to increase, give (someone) more of (something) ÇðÒÏÇÏî ¬ êîÒòÏÇÏ ¬ ÇäÇðÒòÏêÇÏ to increase (intransitive) Òêñîæî ¬ êïÒîêðñîæ ¬ ÇäÊñîÒòêêæ to decorate Ó Óîà « ÇäåÖÇÑÙ ÇäåÑáèÙ (future marker) ÊîÓÇÁîäî ¬ êîÊîÓÇÁîä ¬ ÇäÊñîÓÇÄä to ask oneself, ponder ÓïÄÇä Ì® ÃîÓòÆðäÉ question åîÓÃîäÉ Ì® åîÓÇÆðä problem, question ÈðÓîÈîÈ « ÇÓå áê ÅÖÇáÉ because of, on account of ÇäÓñîÈòÊ Saturday ÇäÓñðÈÇÍÉ swimming ÍîåñÇå ÓðÈÇÍÉ swimming pool ÃïÓòÈèÙ Ì® ÃîÓÇÈêÙ week ÃîÓòÈîâ åæ previous to, earlier than ÓÇÈààðâ previous, former ÓîÈêä Ì® ÓïÈïä ¯ ÃîÓòÈðäÉ path, way; public water fountain åîÓòÌðÏ Ì® åîÓÇÌðÏ mosque ÓîÌñîäî ¬ êïÓîÌñðä ¬ ÇäÊñîÓòÌêä to record ÓðÌòæ Ì® ÓïÌèæ prison ÓîÍîÑî ¬ êîÓòÍîÑ ¬ ÇäÓñðÍòÑ to put a spell on, to charm (someone), enchant ÇäÓðñÍòÑ magic, sorcery ÇäÓñîÍèÑ meal eaten before dawn during Ramadan ÇäàåïÓîÍîñÑÇÊê ¯ÇäåïÓîÍñðÑ ÓïÍèÑ one who wakes people up for the ÓîÑêÑ Ì® ÃîÓðÑñÉ bed åîÓòÑîÍ Ì® åîÓÇÑðÍ theater åîÓòÑîÍðêñÉ Ì® ÇÊ play ÓïÎòÑðêñÉ sarcasm ÓÇÎðÑ Ì® èæ facetious, sarcastic ÓïÑòÙÉ speed ÈðÓïÑòÙÉ quickly ÓîÑêÙ fast, rapid, swift åïÓòÑðÙ Ì® èæ in a hurry, quickly ÓÇÙîÏî ¨áê ¬ Ùäé© ¬ êïÓÇÙðÏ ¬ ÇäåàïÓÇÙîÏÉ to help (in, with) ÓîÙêÏ Ì® ÓïÙîÏÇÁ happy ÓðÙòÑ Ì® ÃîÓòÙÇÑ price ÓîÙé ¨Çäé ¯èÑÇÁ© ¬ êîÓòÙé ¬ ÇäÓñîÙê to strive, aim to/after ÓÇáîÑî ¬ êïÓÇáðÑ ¬ ÇäÓàñîáîÑ to travel ÓîáêÑ Ì® ÓïáîÑÇÁ ambassador ÓÇáðÑÉ ÇäèîÌòç barefaced ÓîãîÊî ¬ êîÓòãïÊ ¬ ÇäÓñïãèÊ to fall silent ÓïãîñÑ sugar Óîãîæî ¬ êîÓòãïæ ¬ ÇäÓñîãîæ to live, reside ÓÇãðæ Ì® ÓïãñÇæ inhabitant ÃïÓòäèÈ Ì® ÃîÓÇäêÈ style åïÓîäòÓîàä Ì® ÇÊ series, serial Óïäò×É Ì® Óïäï×ÇÊ power Óîàäàî×É Ì® ÇÊ salad Óïäò×Çæ Ì® ÓîäÇ×êæ sultan Óïäèã behavior, manners, way of acting ÇðÓòÊîÓòäîåî äðà ¬ êîÓòÊîÓòäðå ¬ ÇäÇðÓòÊðÓòäÇå to surrender to ÓîäÇå peace ÓîäÇåÉ safety, well-being Óîäêå sound, healthy (of body), correct Óîàäàñîé ¬ êïÓîäñê ¬ ÇäÊñîÓòäðêÉ to entertain, amuse åïÓîäíñ entertaining, fun ÇðÓòå Ì® ÃîÓòåÇÁ name, noun ÓðåÉ èÓå see ÓîåîÍî ¨äðà® ®®® Èðà ®®®© ¬ êîÓòåîÍ ¬ ÇäÓñîåÇÍ to permit (someone) to do (something) ÃîÓòåîÑ Ì® ÓïåòÑ ¨ÇäåÄæñË º ÓîåòÑÇÁ Ì® ÓîåòÑÇèÇÊ© dark-complexioned ÓîåðÙî ¬ êîÓòåîÙ ¬ ÇäÓñîåÇÙ to hear ÇðÓòÊîåîÙî ¨Åäé© ¬ êîÓòÊîåðÙ ¬ ÇäÇðÓòÊðåÇÙ to listen to Óîåîã fish (collective) Óîåñîé ¬ êïÓîåñê ¬ ÇäÊîñÓòåðêÉ to name ÓîæÉ Ì® ÓîæîèÇÊ ¯ Óðæèæ year ÇðÓòÊîæîÏî ¨Çäé© ¬ êîÓòÊîæðÏ ¬ ÇäÇðÓòÊðæÇÏ to have a basis in, rest on ÓîçðÑî ¬ êîÓòçîÑ ¬ ÇäÓñîçîÑ to stay up late Óîçòä easy ÓïçèäÉ ease ÓÇÁî ¬ êîÓèÁ ¬ ÇäÓñèÁ to be or go bad, get worse ÃîÓÇÁî Çäé ¬ êïÓêÁ ¬ ÇäÅÓÇÁÉ to harm, wrong (someone) ÓèÁ ÍîØñ bad luck ÓîêñðÁ Ì® èæ bad ÓÇÍÉ Ì® ÇÊ open square, space, courtyard ÇäÓñðêÇÍÉ tourism ÃîÓòèîÏ Ì® ÓèÏ ¨åèæñË º ÓîèòÏÇÁ Ì® ÓîèòÏÇèÇÊ© black ÓîêñðÏ Ì® ÓÇÏÉ Mr., sir ÓîêðñÏÉ Ì® ÇÊ Mrs., lady ÓèÑÉ Ì® ÓïèîÑ chapter of the Quran ÓÇÙÉ Ì® ÇÊ hour; o'clock; clock Óîèòá « ÇäåÖÇÑÙ ÇäåÑáèÙ (future marker) ÓÇÆðâ Ì® èæ driver Óèâ Ì® ÃîÓòèÇâ market, marketplace ÊîÓÇèé ¬ êîÊîÓÇèé ¬ ÇäÊîñÓÇèê to be equal Óðèé except Ùäé ÇäÓñîèÇÁ alike ÓîèÇÁ « ãÇæ¯ÇäåÇÖê ®®® Ãè ¯ Ãå ®®® whether ... or ... åïÓòÊîèé Ì® åïÓòÊîèîêÇÊ level ÓÇÑî ¬ êîÓêÑ ¬ ÇäÓîñàêòÑ to walk, march ÓêÑÉ Ì® ÓðêîÑ tale, epic, biography ÓêÑÉ ÐÇÊðêñÉ Ì® ÓðêîÑ ÐÇÊðêñÉ autobiography ÓîêñÇÑÉ Ì® ÇÊ car ÇäÓñðêÇÓÉ politics ÓðêÇÓêñ Ì® èæ political; politician Óîêò×îÑî Ùäé ¬ êïÓîêò×ðÑ ¬ ÇäÓñîêò×îÑÉ to control ÓêæåÇ cinema, theater Ô ÇäÔñÇå ¯ ÈðäÇÏ ÇäÔñÇå Damascus; Greater Syria ÔÇê tea ÔÇÈñ Ì® ÔïÈñÇæ young man ÇäÔñîÈÇÈ youth (abstract or collective) ÔïÈñÇã Ì® ÔîÈÇÈêã window ÔðÈòç « ÇÓå áê ÅÖÇáÉ semi- ÃîÔòÈîç Èà most closely resembling ÇäÔñðÊÇÁ winter ÔîÌîÑ Ì® ÃîÔòÌÇÑ trees (collective) ÔîÌñîÙî ¨Ùäé© ¬ êïÔîÌðñÙ ¬ ÇäÊñîÔòÌêÙ to encourage (to), cheer (on) ÊîÔîÌñîÙî ¬ êîÊîÔîÌñîÙ ¬ ÇäÊîÔîÌñïÙ to find courage, be encouraged ÔîÎòÕ Ì® ÃîÔòÎÇÕ person ÔîÎòÕðêñ personal ÔîÎòÕðàêñÉ Ì® ÇÊ personality, character ÔîÏêÏ Ì® ÃîÔðÏñÇÁ strong, severe ÔîÑðÈî ¬ êîÔòÑîÈ ¬ ÇäÔñïÑòÈ to drink ÔàîÑÇÈ sweet drink made from fruit syrup, served on special occasions åîÔòÑèÈ Ì® ÇÊ drink ÔèÑÈÉ soup ÔîÑò× Ì® ÔïÑè× condition ÔïÑò×É police ÔîÑê× Ì® ÔîÑÇÆð× tape, cassette ÇäÔñîÑêÙÉ Islamic law ÔÇÑðÙ Ì® ÔîèÇÑðÙ street åîÔòÑèÙ Ì® ÇÊ ¯ åîÔÇÑêÙ project, plans ÔîÑîá honor ÃîÔòÑîáî ¨Ùäé© ¬ êïÔòÑðá ¬ ÇäÅÔòÑÇá to supervise ÇðÓòÊîÔòÑîâ ¬ êîÓÊîÔòÑðâ ¬ ÇäÇðÓòÊðÔòÑÇâ to study the Orient ÔîÑòâ east ÇäÔñîÑâ ÇäÃîÏòæé Near East ÇäÔñîÑòâ ÇäÃîèòÓî× Middle East åïÓòÊîÔÑðâ Ì® èæ orientalist, one who studies the Middle East ÔÇÑîãî ¨áê© ¬ êïÔÇÑðã ¬ ÇäåïÔÇÑîãÉ to join (someone) in, share with (someone) ÇðÔòÊîÑîãî ¨áê© ¬ êîÔòÊîÑðã ¬ ÇäÇðÔòÊðÑÇã to have in common ÔîÑðãÉ Ì® ÇÊ company ÇðÔòÊîÑé ¬ êîÔòÊîÑê ¬ ÇäÔðñÑÇÁ to buy ÇäÔñî×îÑîæòÌ chess ÔîÙòÈ Ì® ÔïÙèÈ (a) people ÔîÙòÈêñ popular ÔîÙîÑî Èðà ¬ êîÔòÙïÑ ¬ ÇäÔñïÙèÑ to feel (e.g., an emotion) ÔîÙòÑ hair ÔðÙòÑ Ì® ÃîÔòÙÇÑ poetry åîÔÇÙðÑ feelings ÔÇÙðÑ Ì® ÔïÙîÑÇÁ poet ÔîÚîäî ¬ êîÔòÚïä ¬ ÇäÔñïÚòä to occupy, preoccupy ÇðæòÔîÚîäî ¨Èðà© ¬ êîæòÔîÚðä ¬ ÇäÇðæòÔðÚÇä to be occupied, preoccupied (with) ÔïÚòä Ì® ÃîÔòÚÇä work åîÔòÚèä Èðà Ì® èæ busy with åîÔòÚèä Ùîæ Ì® èæ too busy for Ôïáðêî ¬ êïÔòáé ¬ ÇäÔñðáÇÁ to be cured, healed, to recover åïÓòÊîÔáé Ì® åïÓÊîÔáîêÇÊ hospital åïÔòÊîâñ åæ derived from ÔîâñÉ Ì® Ôðâîâ apartment ÔîâêâÉ Ì® ÇÊ sister ÃîÔòâîÑ Ì® ÔïâòÑ ¨åÄæñËº ÔîâòÑÇÁ Ì® ÔîâòÑÇèÇÊ© blond, fair-skinned Ôîãòä Ì® ÃîÔòãÇä form, shape ÈðàÔãä í « ÕáÉ in a ... manner/way åïÔòãðäÉ Ì® ÇÊ ¯ åîÔÇãðä problem ÔîåòÓ sun åïÔòåðÓ sunny ÔàïåèÙ candles ÔîåÇä north ÔîæêÙ atrocious, abominable ÔîçðÏî ¬ êîÔçîÏ ¬ ÇäÔñîçÇÏÉ to witness ÔîçðÏî Ùäé to attest to ÔÇçîÏî ¬ êïÔÇçðÏ ¬ ÇäåïÔÇçîÏÉ to watch ÔîçÇÏÉ Ì® ÇÊ degree, diploma ÇäÔñïçòÑÉ fame ÇðÔàòÊàîçîàÑî ¨Èà© ¬ êîÔòàÊîçðÑ ¬ ÇäÇðÔòÊðàçÇÑ to be famous for; known as ÔîçòÑ Ì® ÃîÔçïÑ ¯ÔïçèÑ month ÔàïçòÑÉ fame åîÔòçèÑ Ì® èæ famous åîÔèÑÉ counsel, advice ÔîêòÁ Ì® ÃîÔòêÇÁ thing ÃîÔòêîÈ Ì® ÔêÈ ¨åÄæñË º ÔîêòÈÇÁ© grey/white-haired ÔîêÎ Ì® ÔïêèÎ elder; chief, head, religiously learned or aged man åîÔÇêðÎ men of religious learning (plural) Õ ÕÇäÉ Ì® ÇÊ hall, large room ÃîÕòÈîÍî ¬ êïÕòÈðÍ to reach a state ÕîÈÇÍ morning ÕðÈòÚÉ tint, shade, coloring ÕÇÈèæ soap ÕðÍñÉ correctness, soundness; health ÕîÍêÍ true, correct ÕÇÍðÈ Ì® ÃîÕòÍÇÈ friend, boyfriend; owner, possessor, holder of ÕÇÍðÈ ÇäáîÖòä ÇäÃèñîä áê ®®® deserves the most credit for ÇäÕñîÍÇÈÉ the Companions of the Prophet ÕîÍòÑÇÁ Ì® ÕîÍÇÑí ¯ ÕîÍÇÑé desert ÕîÍòÑÇèêñ desert (adjective) ÕîÍêáÉ Ì® ÕïÍïá newspaper ÇäÕñðÍÇáÉ (the) press; journalism ÕîÍÇ ¬ êîÕòÍè ¬ ÇäÕñîÍòè to wake up ÕîÏîÑî ¬ êîÕòÏïÑ ¬ ÇäÕïñÏèÑ to come out, be issued or published ÃîÕòÏîÑî ¬ êïÕòÏðÑ ¬ ÇäÅÕòÏÇÑ to publish åîÕòÏîÑ Ì® åîÕÇÏðÑ source, point of origin, verbal noun ÕïÏÇÙ headache ÕîÏêâ Ì® ÃîÕòÏðâÇÁ friend ÕîÏÇâÉ Ì® ÇÊ friendship ÇðÕò×îÏîå ¬ êîÕò×îÏðå ¬ ÇäÇðÕò×ðÏÇå to collide with ÕîÏòåÉ Ì® ÕîÏîåÇÊ shock ÃîÕîÑîñ Ùäé ¬ êïÕðÑñ ¬ ÇäÅÕòÑÇÑ to insist on ÊîÕîÑñïá Ì® ÇÊ action (i.e.: way of acting), behavior ÕðÑÇÙ Ì® ÇÊ struggle, conflict ÕîÙòÈ hard, difficult ÊîÕÇÙîÏî ¬ êîÊîÕÇÙîÏ ¬ ÇäÊîÕÇÙïÏ to rise, ascend (in an abstract sense) ÕîÚêÑ Ì® ÕðÚÇÑ small ÕðÚîÑ smallness Õîáñ Ì® Õïáèá class, classroom; rank, file, line ÕîáòÍÉ Ì® ÕîáîÍÇÊ page ÃîÕòáîÑ Ì® ÕïáòÑ ¨åÄæñË º ÕîáòÑÇÁ© yellow ÕðäÉ èÕä see ÕîäîÍî ¨äàð© ¬ êîÕòäïÍ ¬ ÇäÕñîäÇÍ to be proper, suitable for ÃîÕòäîÍî ¬ êïÕòäðÍ ¬ ÇäÅÕòäÇÍ to repair ÕîäÇÍðêñÉ suitability, properness ÇðÕò×ðäÇÍ Ì® ÇÊ technical term åïÕò×îäîÍ Ì® ÇÊ technical term ÃîÕòäîÙ Ì® ÕïäòÙ bald Õîäñîé ¬ êïÕîäñê ¬ ÇäÕñîäÇÉ to pray ÕîàäÇÉ Ì® ÕîàäàîèÇÊ prayer ÕîàäÇÉ ÇäÊîÑÇèêÍ a special set of prayers performed after the evening prayer ÕîåîÏî ¬ êîÕòåïÏ ¬ ÇäÕñïåèÏ to persevere ÕîæîÙî ¬ êîÕòæîÙ ¬ ÇäÕñïæòÙ to make, produce ÕñðæÇÙÉ Ì® ÇÊ production, industry ÕðæÇÙðêñ industrial ÕðçòÑ Ì® ÃîÕòçÇÑ husband of daughter or sister, son-in-law or brother-in-law ÕîèòÊ Ì® ÃîÕòèÇÊ voice; sound; vote ÕîèñîÑî ¬ êïÕîèñðÑ ¬ ÇäÊñîÕòèêÑ to depict, illustrate; film, take pictures ÕèÑÉ Ì® ÕïèîÑ picture; (literary) image ÕèÑÉ æîåî×ðêñÉ Ì® ÕïèîÑ æîåî×êñÉ stereotype ÈðÕèÑÉ í « ÕáÉ in a ... manner/way ÇäÊñîÕòèêÑ photography ÇäÕèáðêñÉ ¨å® Õèáêñ© Sufis, Muslims who practice mystical Islam ÕÇåî ¬ êîÕïèå ¬ ÇäÕñîèòå ¯ÇäÕñðàêàÇå to fast, abstain ÕÇÑî ¬ êîÕêÑ ¨åæ ÃÎèÇÊ ãÇæ© to become; to begin to; to happen ÇäÕñîêòá summer ÇäÕñêæ China Ö ÖÇÈð× Ì® ÖïÈñÇ× officer ÖîÌñÉ noise, outcry; controversy ÖîÍðãî ¬ êîÖòÍîã ¬ ÇäÖñîàÍðã to laugh ÖîÎòå Ì® ÖðÎÇå very large, huge ÖðÏñî against, anti- ÇïÖò×àïàÑñî Åäé ¬ êïÖò×îÑñ ¬ ÇäÇðÖò×ðÑÇÑ to be forced to ÖîÑèÑêñ necessary ÖîÑîÈî ¬ êîÖòÑðÈ ¬ ÇäÖñîàÑòÈ to hit, strike ÇäåïÖÇÑðÙ present/incomplete tense ÖîÙêá Ì® ÖïÙîáÇÁ ¯ÖðÙÇá weak ÖðÙòá Ì® ÃîÖòÙÇá double, multiple (of a number) åïÖîÙñîá doubled Öîåñî ¬ êîÖïåñ ¬ ÇäÖñîåñ to contain, comprise ÖîåêÑ Ì® ÖîåÇÆðÑ pronoun Öîåðæî ¬ êîÖòåîæ ¬ ÇäÖñîåÇæ to guarantee ÖÇÙî ¬ êîÖêÙ ¬ ÇäÖñîêÇÙ to become lost ÃîÖÇáî Åäé ¬ êïÖêá ¬ ÇäÅÖÇáÉ to add to, to attach, to connect Öîêòá Ì® Öïêèá guest ÇäÖñðêÇáÉ hospitality ÇäÅÖÇáÉ iDaafa, possessive construction ÈðÇäÅÖÇáÉ Åäé in addition to × Çä×ñðÈñ medicine ×îÈîÎî ¬ êî×òÈïÎ ¬ Çä×ñîÈòÎ to cook åî×òÈîÎ Ì® åî×ÇÈðÎ kitchen ×îÈîÙî ¬ êî×òÈîÙ ¬ Çä×ñàðÈÇÙÉ to print ×îÈòÙëÇ of course, naturally ×îÈòÙÉ Ì® ×îÈîÙÇÊ printing, edition ×îÈêÙÉ nature ×àîÈêÙêñ natural ×ÇÈîÙ Ì® ×îèÇÈðÙ character åî×òÈîÙÉ Ì® åî×ÇÈðàÙ print shop, printing press Çðæ×ðÈÇÙ Ì® ÇÊ impression ×îÈîâÉ Ì® ÇÊ (social) class ×ÇÈðâ Ì® ×îèÇÈðâ floor, story ×îÈòäÉ Ì® ÇÊ drum ×îÑîÃî ¬ êî×òÑîÃ to occur ×ÇÑðÆ Ì® ×îèÇÑðÆ emergency ×îÑîÏî ¬ êî×òÑïÏ ¬ Çä×àñîÑòÏ to drive out, dismiss, evict åæ Çä×ðÑÇÒ ÇäÃèñîä (of) first-rate, first class (quality) ×îÑîá Ì® Ãî×òÑÇá party (e.g., to an agreement, dispute, etc.) Êî×îÑñîâî Çäé ¬ êîÊî×îÑñîâ ¬ ÇäÊñî×îÑñïâ to go into (a subject) ×Ñêâ Ì® ×ïÑïâ ¯×àïÑïâÇÊ road ×îÑêâÉ Ì® ×ïÑïâ way, path (abstract) Ùîæ ×îÑêâ by way of, by means of áê ×îÑêâà ¨àç© Åäé on (oneÕs) way to ×îÑêâÉ ÕèáðêñÉ a Sufi order ×îÙñîåî ¨àç© Èàð ¬ êï×îÙñðå ¬ ÇäÊñî×òÙêå to infuse (something) with åî×òÙîå Ì® åî×ÇÙðå restaurant ×ðáòä Ì® Ãî×òáÇä child ×ïáèäÉ childhood ×îâòÓ weather ×îàäîÈî ¬ êî×àòäïÈ ¬ Çä×àñîàäîÈ to ask ×ÇäîÈî ¨Èà© ¬ êï×ÇäðÈ ¬ Çäåï×ÇäîÈÉ to demand Êî×îàäàñîÈî ¬ êîÊî×äàñîÈ ¬ ÇäÊî×îäàñïÈ to require åî×òäîÈ Ì® åî×ÇäðÈ demand(s) ×ÇäðÈ ¯É Ì® ×ïäÇñÈ ¯ ×ààîäàîÈÉ student åî×òäèÈ sought, asked for, in demand ÇðÓÊî×äîÙî ¨ÑÃêëÇ© to poll, survey, ask for an opinion åî×òäàîÙ beginning ×îàäàñîâî ¬ êï×îàäàñðâ ¬ Çä×ñîàäÇâ to divorce Ãî×òäîâî ¬ êï×òäðâ ¬ ÇäÅ×òäÇâ to release, let go Ãî×äîâî ¨ÇÓåÇë© Ùäé to name, give a name to Çðæ×îàäàîâî ¬ êîæò×îàäàðâ ¬ ÇäÇðæ×ðäÇâ to take off, start off, go off ×Çäðâ divorced (of a woman) ×ïåèÍ Ì® ÇÊ ambition ×îåÇ×ðå tomatoes ×îèñîÑî ¬ êï×àîèðñÑ ¬ ÇäÊñîà×òèêÑ to develop (something) Êî×îèîñÑî ¬ êîÊî×èîñÑ ¬ ÇäÊî×îèñïÑ to develop (intransitive) ÇðÓòÊî×ÇÙî ¬ êîÓòÊî×êÙ ¬ ÇäÇðÓòÊð×ÇÙÉ to be able to ×ÇÙÉ obedience ×ÇÆðáÉ Ì® ×îèÇÆðá faction, sect, party ×ÇèðäÉ Ì® ÇÊ table ×èä Ì® Ãî×òèÇä height, length ×èäî throughout ×ðèÇäî during, throughout ×îèêä Ì® ×ðèÇä long, tall ×îêñðÈ Ì® èæ delicious (of food); good-hearted (of people) ×îêîÑÇæ flying ÔîÑðãÉ ×îêîÑÇæ airline åî×ÇÑ Ì® ÇÊ airport ×ÇÆðÑÉ Ì® ÇÊ airplane Ø Øîàäñî ¬ êîØîäñ ¨åæ ÃÎèÇÊ ãÇæ© to remain, continue, keep (doing) Øîäîå ¬ êîØòäðå ¬ ÇäØñïäòå to wrong, be unjust to åîØòäèå Ì® èæ treated unfairly, unjustly blamed Øîæñî ¨Ãîæñî© ¬ êîØïæñ ¬ ÇäØîæñ to think that, consider ØààîçàîÑî ¬ êîØòçîÑ ¬ ÇäØñïçèÑ to appear ÃØòçîÑ ¬ êïØòçðÑ ¬ ÇäÅðØçÇÑ to reveal, demonstrate ØàïçòÑ noon åîØòçîÑ Ì® åîØÇçðÑ appearance; (plural) manifestations ØÇçðÑÉ Ì® ØîèÇçðÑ phenomenon åïØÇçÑÉ Ì® ÇÊ (public) demonstration, spectacle, Ù ÙðÈòÁ Ì® ÃîÙòÈÇÁ burden ÙîÈòÏ Ì® ÙîÈêÏ slave, servant åîÙòÈîÏ Ì® åîÙÇÈðÏ temple ÙîÈòÑî across ÙîÈñîÑî ¨Ùæ© ¬ êïÙîÈñðÑ ¬ ÇäÊîÙòÈêÑ to express ÇðÙòÊîÈîÑî ¬ êîÙòÊîÈðÑ ¬ ÇäÇðÙòÊðÈÇÑ to consider ÙðÈÇÑÉ Ì® ÇÊ expression, idiom ÊîÙòÈêÑ Ì® ÇÊ ¯ ÊîÙÇÈêÑ expression, idiom ÙîÈòâîÑêñ Ì® ÙîÈÇâðÑÉ genius ÙîËîÑî ¨Ùäé© ¬ êîÙòËïÑ ¬ ÇäÙïËèÑ to stumble upon, find ÃîÙÌîÈî ¨ààç© ¬ êïÙÌðÈ ¬ ÇäÅÙòÌÇÈ to please (someone) ÃïÙòÌðÈî Èà to be pleased with, to admire, like ÙîÌêÈ amazing, incredible äÇ ÙîÌîÈî ¨Ãæò ¯ Ãæñ© (it is) no wonder (that) ÙîÌðäî ¬ êîÙòÌîä ¬ ÇäÙîÌîäÉ to hurry, rush åïÙòÌîå Ì® åîÙÇÌðå dictionary ÙîÏñî ¬ êîÙïÏñ ¬ ÇäÙîÏñ to count, reckon, consider ÃîÙîÏñî ¬ êïÙðÏñ ¬ ÇäÅÙòÏÇÏ to prepare, make ÇðÓòÊîÙîÏñî ¨äðà© ¬ êîÓòÊîÙðÏñ ¬ ÇäÇðÓòÊðÙòÏÇÏ to prepare (for) ÙðÏñÉ « ÌåÙ indefinite several ÙîÏîÏ Ì® ÃîÙòÏÇÏ number ÅÙòÏÇÏðêñ preparatory (school, » junior high) ÇðÓòÊðÙòÏÇÏÇë äàð in preparation for åïÓòÊîÙðÏñ prepared, ready ÙîÏòä justice ÊîÙòÏêä Ì® ÇÊ amendment, modification åïÙòÊîÏðä Ì® èæ moderate ÙîÏîå « ÇäåÕÏÑ non-, lack of ÙîÏïèñ Ì® ÃîÙÏÇÁ enemy ÙîÑîñÈî ¬ êïÙîÑñðÈ ¬ ÇäÊñîÙòÑêÈ to Arabize ÙîÑÈðêñ Ì® ÙîÑîÈ Arab, Arabic ÙîÑèÓ Ì® ÙîÑÇÆðÓ bride ÇäÙîÑèÓÇæ the bride and groom ÙîÑêÓ Ì® ÙðÑÓÇæ bridegroom ÙÇÑîÖî ¬ êïÙÇÑðÖ ¬ ÇäåïÙÇÑîÖÉ to oppose ÊîÙîÑñîÖî ¨äàð© ¬ êîÊîÙîÑñîÖ ¬ ÇäÊîÙîÑñïÖ to be exposed to, to undergo, to resist ÙîÑîáî ¬ êîÙòÑðá ¬ ÇäåîÙòÑðáÉ to know ÊîÙîÑñîáî ¨Ùäé© ¬ êîÊîÙîÑñîá ¬ ÇäÊîÙîÑñïá to get to know ÊîÙÇÑîáî ¬ êîÊîÙÇÑîá ¬ ÇäÊñîÙÇÑïá to get to know each other åîÙÑîãÉ Ì® åîÙÇÑððã battle ÙîÒêÒ Ì® ÃîÙðÒñÇÁ dear ÙÇÒðÈ ¯ÃîÙòÒîÈ Ì® ÙïÒñÇÈ bachelor ÙîÓòãîÑêñ military ÙîÔÇÁ dinner ÙîÕòÑ Ì® ÙïÕèÑ age, era ÇäÙïÕèÑ ÇäèïÓò×é the Middle Ages ÙîÕòÑêñ modern, contemporary åïÙÇÕðÑ Ì® èæ contemporary ÙÇÕðáÉ Ì® ÙîèÇÕðá storm ÙÇÕðåÉ Ì® ÙîèÇÕðå capital (city) ÙïÖòè Ì® ÃîÙòÖÇÁ member Ùð×òÑ Ì® Ùï×èÑ scent, perfume Ùî×òÔÇæ Ì® èæ thirsty ÙÇ×ðáÉ Ì® ÙîèÇ×ðá affection, tender emotion ÙÇ×ðáêñ emotional, romantic Ùï×òäÉ Ì® ÇÊ ¯ Ùï×îä vacation ÃîÙò×é ¬ êïÙò×ê ¬ ÇäÅÙò×ÇÁ to give ÙîØòå Ì® ÙðØÇå bone ÙîØêå Ì® ÙïØîåÇÁ ¯ ÙðØÇå great åïÙòØîå most of ÃÙòâîÈî ¬ êïÙòâðÈ to come after åïÙîâñîÏ complicated ÙîãîÓî ¬ êîÙòãðÓ ¬ ÇäÙîãòÓ to reflect ÙîãòÓ opposite, reverse, antonym äîÙîäñî ¨åæ ÃÎèÇÊ Åæñ© perhaps ÙÇäîÌî ¬ êïÙÇäðÌ ¬ ÇäåàïÙÇäîÌÉ to treat (subject; disease) ÙðäÇÌ treatment ÙîäÇâÉ Ì® ÇÊ relationship; (plural) relations äÇ ÙîäÇâÉî äàð Èà has no relation to, has nothing to do with Ùîäðàåî ¨Èðà© ¬ êîÙòàäàîå ¬ ÇäÙðäàòå to learn of, find out about Ùîäñîå ¬ êïÙäñðå ¬ ÇäÊñîÙòäêå to teach, educate ÊîÙîàäàñîàåî ¬ êîÊîÙîàäàñîå ¬ ÇäÊîÙàîäàñïå to learn ðÇäÙðäòå Ì® ÇäÙïäèå science, knowledge, learning Ùðäòå ÇäÅæòÓÇæ anthropology Ùðäå ÇäÇðÌòÊðåÇÙ sociology Ùðäå ÇäæñîáòÓ psychology ÇäÙïäèå ÇäÓñðêÇÓðêñÉ political science Ùîäîå Ì® ÃîÙòäÇå flag ÇäÙÇäîå the world ÙðäòåÇæêñ secular ÙÇäðå Ì® ÙïäîåÇÁ learned person, scientist åîÙòäèåÇÊ information ÃîÙòäîæî ¬ êïÙòäðæ ¬ ÇäÅðÙòäÇæ to announce ÅÙòäÇæ Ì® ÇÊ announcement, advertisement Ùäé Ãæñ nonetheless; however ÙÇäí ¯¨Çäà©ÙÇäê high ¨Çääç© ÊîÙÇäé He is exalted above all Ùîåñ Ì® ÃîÙòåÇå uncle (paternal) ÙÇåñ general, public ÙÇåñÉ ÇäæñÇÓ the masses, the general public ÇäÙÇåðñàêñÉ colloquial or spoken Arabic Ùîåñîåî ¬ êïÙîåñðå ¬ ÇäÊñîÙòåêå to generalize ÊîÙòåêå Ì® ÇÊ generalization ÇðÙÊîåîÏî Ùäé ¬ êîÙòÊîåðÏ ¬ ÇäÇðÙòÊðåÇÏ to depend on ÇðÓòÊîÙòåîÑî ¬ êîÓòÊîÙòåðÑ ¬ ÇäÇðÓòÊðÙòåÇÑ to colonize ÙïåòÑ Ì® ÃîÙòåÇÑ age ¨áæñ© ÇäÙðåÇÑÉ architecture ÊîÙîåñîâî ¨áê© ¬ êîÊîÙîåñîâ ¬ ÇäÊñîÙîåñïâ to go deeply into, become absorbed in Ùîåêâ deep Ùîåðäî ¬ êîÙòåîä ¬ ÇäÙîåîä to work ÙÇåîäî ¬ êïÙÇåðä ¬ ÇäåïÙÇåîäÉ to treat (someone) ÙïåòäÉ Ì® ÇÊ currency Ùîåîäêñ practical ÙÇåðä Ì® ÙïåñÇä worker ÙÇåðä Ì® ÙîèÇåðä factor ÃîÙòåé Ì® Ùïåòê ¯ ÙïåòêÇæ ¨åÄæñË º ÙîåòêÇÁ© blind ÙðæòÏî at (place, time); in the view, practice of ÙðæòÏîåÇ « áÙä when (not a question) ÙðæÏîÆðÐí at that time Ùïæòá violence Ùîæêá violent ÙïæòèÇæ Ì® ÙîæÇèêæ address; title (e.g., of a book) Ùîæé ¬ êîÙòæê to mean åîÙòæé Ì® åÙÇæí ¯ ¨Çäà©åîÙÇæê meaning ÙÇÏî ¬ êîÙèÏ ¬ ÇäÙîèòÏÉ to return ÇðÙòÊÇÏî ¨Ãîæò© ¬ êîÙòÊÇÏ ¬ ÇäÇðÙòÊðêÇÏ to get used to ÙÇÏÉ Ì® ÇÊ custom, habit ÙÇÏÉë usually ÙÇÏêñ normal, usual, ordinary åïÙêÏ Ì® èæ graduate fellow, teaching assistant ÙÇÆðäÉ Ì® ÙÇÆðäÇÊ (extended) family ÙÇå Ì® ÃîÙòèÇå year ÙîêòÈ Ì® ÙïêèÈ fault, shortcoming; shame, disgrace ÙêÏ Ì® ÃîÙòêÇÏ holiday, feast-day, day of celebration ÙêÏ åêäÇÏ birthday ÙêÏ ÇäåêäÇÏ Christmas ÙÇêîÑî ¬ êïÙÇêðÑ ¬ ÇäåïÙÇêîÑÉ to find fault with ÙÇÔî ¬ êîÙêÔ ¬ ÇäÙîêòÔ ¯ ÇäåîÙêÔÉ to live, be alive Ùîêñîæ ¬ êïÙîêñðæ ¬ ÇäÊñîÙòêêæ to appoint (someone) Ùîêòæ Ì® Ùïêèæ ¯ÃîÙêïæ eye Ú ÚÇÏîÑî ¬ êïÚÇÏðÑ ¬ ÇäåïÚÇÏîÑÉ to leave (e.g., a place) ÚîÏëÇ tomorrow ÇäÚîÏÇÁ lunch ÚîÑòÈ west ÇäÚïÑòÈîÉ feeling of alienation, not belonging ÚïÑòáÉ Ì® ÚïÑîá room ÚîÒÇ ¬ êîÚÒè ¬ ÇäÚîÒòè to invade, raid ÚîÓîäî ¬ êîÚÓðä ¬ ÇäÚîÓòä to wash ÚîÖðÈî ¬ êîÚòÖîÈ ¬ ÇäÚîÖîÈ to get angry Úî×ñîé ¬ êïÚàî×àñê ¬ ÇäÊñîÚò×ðêÉ to cover ÚîäîÈî ¬ êîÚòàäðÈ ¬ ÇäÚîäîÈîÉ to overcome, prevail, defeat (e.g., in a game) ÚîÇäðÈ prevailing, dominant ÚÇäé ¬ êïÚÇäê ¬ ÇäåÚÇäÇÉ to exaggerate ÚÇäí ¯¨Çäà©ÚÇäê expensive Úîäêèæ pipe Úîæñé ¬ êïÚîæñê ¬ ÇäÚðæÇÁ to sing Úîæàêñ Ì® ÃîÚæêÇÁ rich ÃïÚòæðêÉ Ì® ÃîÚÇæí¯¨Çäà©ÃîÚÇæê song ÚÇÈî ¬ êîÚêÈ ¬ ÇäÚðêÇÈ to be absent ÊîÚîêñîÈî ¨Ùæ© ¬ êîÊîÚîêñîÈ ¬ ÇäÊñîÚîêñïÈ to be absent from, miss ÚîêñîÑî ¬ êïÚîêðñÑ ¬ ÇäÊîñÚòêêÑ to change (something or someone) ÊîÚîêñîÑ ¬ êîÊîÚîêñîÑ ¬ ÇäÊñîÚîêñïÑ to change (intransitive) ÚîêÑ « ÕáÉ other than ...; not, non-/un- ÚîêÑ Ðäã others (other than those) åæ ÚîêÑð without ÚÇÆðå cloudy, overcast á áîà® ®®® thus, so áîÊîÍî ¬ êîáòÊîÍ ¬ ÇäáîÊòÍ to open ÇðáòÊîÊîÍî ¬ êîáòÊîÊðÍ ¬ ÇäÇðáòÊðÊÇÍ to inaugurate, initiate áîÊé Ì® áðÊêÇæ young man áîÊÇÉ Ì® áîÊîêÇÊ young woman (unmarried) áàîÊàòèîé Ì® áîÊÇèé ¯ áîÊÇèí legal decision or ruling áÇÎðÑ luxurious, splendid áîÑòÍÉ happiness, happy occasion áîÑòÏ Ì® ÃîáòÑÇÏ individual áîÑêÏ unique ÇäåïáòÑîÏ singular áÇÑðÓêñ Ì® áïÑòÓ Persian áðÑÇÔ bed, blanket, cushion åîáÑèÔ furnished áïÑòÕÉ Ì® áïÑîÕ opportunity ÇðæÊîçîÒî ÇäáïÑòÕÉ äðà ®®® to seize the opportunity to áîÑîÖî ¨àç© Ùäé ¬ êîáÑðÖ ¬ ÇäáîÑÖ to impose (something) on someone áîÑÙêñ subsidiary, secondary áîÑðÚ åæ ¬ êîáòÑîÚ ¬ ÇäáîÑÇÚ to be finished with, free of áîÑÇÚ Ì® ÇÊ (blank) space, emptiness ÊîáîÑñîâî ¬ êîÊîáîÑîñâ ¬ ÇäÊñîáîÑñïâ to be dispersed, scattered áîÑâ Ì® áïÑèâ difference áïÓòÊÇæ Ì® áîÓÇÊêæ dress áîÔðäî ¬ êîáòÔîä ¬ ÇäáîÔîä to fail ÃîáòÕîÍî Ùæ ¬ êïáòÕðÍ ¬ ÇäÅáòÕÇÍ to state or announce clearly ÇäáïÕòÍé formal or written Arabic ÇäáîÕÇÍÉ eloquence, fluency, purity of language áîÕêÍ Ì® áïÕîÍÇÁ eloquent áîÕîäî ¬ êîáòÕðä ¬ ÇäáîÕòä to dismiss, fire (from a job) áîÕòä Ì® áïÕèä class, classroom; season áÇÕðäÉ Ì® áîèÇÕðä comma; decimal point ÊîáòÕêä Ì® ÊîáÇÕêä detail áðÖñÉ silver (noun) áðÖðñêñ silver (adjective) áîààÖîñä ¨àç© Ùäé ¬ êïáîÖñðä ¬ ÇäÊñîáòÖêä to prefer (something/someone) over ÈðáîÖòä « ÇÓå thanks to ÕÇÍðÈ ÇäáîÖòä ÇäÃèñä áê ®®® deserves the most credit for åïáîÖñîä favorite áîÖäÇë Ùæ not to mention áî×îÑî ¬ êîàáò×àïÑ ¬ Çäáï×èÑ to eat breakfast Ãîáò×îÑî ¬ êïá×ðÑ ¬ ÇäÅá×ÇÑ to break fast Çäáï×èÑ breakfast ÇäÅáò×ÇÑ meal in evening to break Ramadan fast áîÙîäî ¬ êîáòÙîä ¬ ÇäáðÙä to do áðÙòä Ì® ÃîáòÙÇä verb ÇäáðÙòä ÇäæÇâðÕ ê or è category of verbs whose final radical is ÇäáðÙòä ÇäÃîÌòèîá ê or è category of verbs whose medial radical áðÙòäÇë really!, indeed áðÙòäêñ actual ÈÕèÑÉ áðÙòäêÉ effectively áîÙñÇä effective áÇÙðä subject (grammatical) åîáòÙèä Ì® åîáÇÙêä object (grammatical) ÇäåîáòÙèä Èðçð direct object ÇäåîáòÙèä áêçð adverb of time/place ÇäåîáòÙèä äÃîÌòäðçð accusative of purpose ÇäåîáòÙèä Çäåï×òäîâ cognate accusative áîâîÏî ¬ êîáâðÏ ¬ ÇäáîâòÏ to lose áîâêÏ Ì® áïâîÏÇÁ deceased ÇðáòÊîâîÑî ¨Çäé© ¬ êîáòÊîâðÑ ¬ ÇäÇðáòÊðâÇÑ to lack, be in need of áîâêÑ Ì® áïâîÑÇÁ poor áðîâòÑÉ Ì® ÇÊ paragraph áîâî× only áàîâêç Ì áàïâàîçàÇÁ jurisprudent, legal scholar áîãñîÑî ¨áê ¯Èàð © ¬ êïáîãðñÑ ¬ ÇäÊñîàáòãêÑ to think about, ponder ÇäáðãòÑ thought (abstract) áðãòÑÉ Ì® ÃîáòãÇÑ idea, thought áÇãðçÉ Ì® áîèÇãðç fruit áðäòÓ Ì® ÇÊ unit of currency (Å one penny) áïäèÓ money ÇäáîäòÓîáÉ philosophy Êîáîæñîæî ¨áê© ¬ êîÊîáîæñîæ ¬ ÇäÊñîáîæïæ to do (something) in an artistic or creative way áîæñ Ì® áïæèæ art áîæñÇæ Ì® èæ artist áïæòÏïâ Ì® áîæÇÏðâ hotel áîçðåî ¬ êîáòçîå ¬ Çäáîçòå to understand åîáòàçèå Ì® åîáÇçêå understood; concept áîèòÑÇë ¯Ùäé ÇäáîèòÑ immediately áîèòÑêñ immediate, instant áè×É Ì® áïèî× towel áîèòâî above èáîèâî çÐÇ ¯Ðäã ãäàñðç furthermore, moreover åïÊîáîèñðâ Ì® èæ superior, outstanding äðåÇ áêà¨àç© åðæ ®®® due to what (it) contains in the way of ... ÇðÓÊîáÇÏî ¨åæ© ¬ êîÓÊîáêÏ ¬ ÇäÇðÓÊðáÇÏÉ to benefit from â ÇðâòÊîÈðÓî ¬ êîâòÊîÈðÓ ¬ ÇäÇðâòÊðÈÇÓ to borrow, adopt (a word) âîÈñîä ¬ êïâîÈñðä ¬ ÇäÊîñàâòÈêä to kiss âÇÈîàäî ¬ êïâÇÈðä ¬ ÇäåïâÇÈîäÉ to meet (formally or for the first time) åïâÇÈîäÉ Ì® ÇÊ interview ÃîâÈîäî ¨Ùäé© ¬ êïâòÈðä ¬ ÇäÅâÈÇä to embark upon, give oneÕs attention to ÇðÓòÊîâòÈîäî ¬ êîÓòÊîâòÈðä ¬ ÇäÇðÓòÊðâòÈÇä to receive, welcome âïÈòäÉ Ì® âïÈïäÇÊ kiss âîÈòäî ®®® Èà ¨êèå ¯ÃÓÈèÙ ¯ÓæÉ ®®®© (a day a week/a year) before åðæ âîÈòä previously, before (now) âïÈèä admissions âîÈêäÉ Ì® âîÈÇÆðä tribe åïâòÈðä coming, next åîâòÈèä acceptable, passing ÇäåïÓòÊîâòÈîä future âîÊîäî ¬ êîâòÊïä ¬ ÇäâîÊòä to kill âîÏ « ÇäåÇÖê particle that emphasizes that action has taken place âîÏ « ÇäåÖÇÑÙ might, perhaps âîÏîÑî Ùäé ¬ êîâòÏðïÑ ¬ ÇäâïÏòÑÉ to be able to âîÏñîÑî ¬ êïâîÏñðÑ ¬ ÇäÊñîâòÏêÑ to appreciate, estimate, value, evaluate âîÏòÑ åæ Çäàà ®®® (an) amount of Ùäé âîÏòÑ ãîÈêÑ åæ ®®® (having) quite a lot of ... Ùäé âîÏòÑ ÇäÅåòãÇæ ¯ÈðâîÏòÑ ÇäÅåòãÇæ as much as possible ÊîâòÏêÑ Ì ÇÊ (comprehensive) evaluation, grade ÇäâïÏòÓ Jerusalem âîàÏñîåî ¬ êïâîàÏñðå ¬ ÇäÊàñîâòàÏêå to present, offer ÊîàâîàÏñîåî ¬ êîÊîâîÏñîå ¬ ÇäÊîàâòàÏñïå to advance, progress; to precede, come before âîÏêå old, ancient (not used for human beings) âÇÏðå Ì® èæ coming, next åïÊîâîÏñðå Ì® èæ advanced; preceding åïâîÏðñåÉ Ì® ÇÊ introduction âîÑñîÑî ¬ êïâîÑñðÑ ¬ ÇäÊñîâòÑêÑ to decide ÇðÓòÊîâîÑñî ¬ êîÓòÊîâðÑñ ¬ ÇäÇðÓòÊðâòÑÇÑ to stabilize, become settled âîÑÇÑ Ì® ÇÊ decision åîâîÑñ Ì® åîâÇÑ seat, headquarters âÇÑñÉ Ì® ÇÊ continent âîÑîÃî ¬ êîâòÑîÃ ¬ ÇäâðÑÇÁÉ to read ÇäâïÑÂæ ÇäãîÑêå the Holy Quran âÇÑðÆ Ì® âïàÑñÇÁ reader âîÑêÈ Ì® èæ close âîÑêÈ Ì® ÃîâÇÑðÈ ¯ÃâòÑðÈÇÁ family relative ÊâÑêÈÇë approximately ÇðâÊîÑîÍî ¨Ãæ©ò ¬ êîâòÊîÑðÍ ¬ ÇäÇðâÊðÑÇÍ to suggest ÇðâòÊðÑÇÍ Ì® ÇÊ suggestion âîÑòæ Ì® âïÑèæ century âÇÑîæî ¬ êïâÇÑðæ ¬ ÇäåïâÇÑîæÉ to compare åïâÇÑîæ comparative âîÑòêÉ Ì® âïÑé village âðÓòå Ì® ÃîâòÓÇå department âîÓñîåî ¬ êïâîÓñðå ¬ ÇäÊñîâòÓêå to divide, partition âðÕñÉ Ì® âðÕîÕ story âîÕîÏî ¬ êîâòÕðÏ ¬ ÇäâîÕòÏ to mean, intend, aim at (a meaning or place) ÇäÇðâòÊðÕÇÏ economics ÇðâòÊîÕîÑî ¨Ùäé© ¬ êîâòÊîÕðÑ ¬ ÇäÇðâòÊðÕÇÑ to be limited to âîÕòÑ Ì® âïÕèÑ palace âîÕêÑ Ì® âðÕÇÑ short ÃîâòÕé farthest, utmost, maximum âîÖîé ¬ êîâòÖê ¬ ÇäâîÖÇÁ to spend, pass (time); to carry out (a task) âîÖðêñÉ Ì® âîÖÇêÇ issue âÇÖí ¯ ¨Çäà©âÇÖê Ì® âïÖÇÉ judge åïâòÊîÖîêÇÊ requirements, exigencies âï×òÑ Ì® Ãîâò×ÇÑ country âð×ÇÑ Ì® ÇÊ train âî×îÙî ¬ êîâò×îÙ ¬ Çäâî×òÙ to cut, cut across âÇ×îÙî ¬ êïâÇ×ðÙ ¬ ÇäåïâÇ×îÙÉ to cut (someone) off; interrupt Çðæòâî×îÙî ¬ êîæòâî×ðÙ ¬ ÇäÇðæòâð×ÇÙ to be cut off âð×òÙÉ Ì® âð×îÙ piece âÇáðäÉ Ì® âîèÇáðä caravan åîâòÙîÏ Ì® åîâÇÙðÏ seat âÇÙðÏÉ Ì® âîèÇÙðÏ rule ÇäâîèÇÙðÏ (rules of) grammar ÇðÓòÊîâîäñî ¬ êîÓòÊîâðäñ ¬ ÇäÇðÓòÊðâòäÇä to become independent âîäêä Ì® âîäÇÆðä little; the least âîäêäÇë a little Ùäé ÇäÃâààîäñ at least âîäòÈ Ì® âïäèÈ heart ÊîâòàäêÏ Ì® ÊîâÇäêÏ tradition ÊîâäêÏêñ Ì® èæ traditional âîäîå Ì® ÃîâòäÇå pen Åâäêå Ì® ÃîâÇäêå province, district âîåîÑ ÇäÏêæ a dessert made from apricots âÇåèÓ Ì® âîèÇåêÓ dictionary âîåêÕ Ì® âïåòÕÇæ shirt âÇæèæ Ì® âîèÇæêæ law, statute ÇðâÊîæîÙî ¨Èàà© ¬ êîâòÊîæðÙ ¬ ÇäÇðâòÊðæÇÙ to be convinced (of) âîæÇÉ Ì® âîæîèÇÊ channel, canal âîçòèÉ coffee åîâòçîé Ì® åîâÇçí ¯¨Çäà©åîàâÇçê cafe âÇÏî ¬ êîâèÏ ¬ ÇäâðêÇÏÉ to lead; to drive, fly (e.g., car, plane) âîÇÆðÏ Ì® âÇÏÉ leader âÇäî ¬ êîâèä ¬ Çäâîèòä say âÇäî Èà ¨Ãæñ© to assert, maintain (opinion) åîâÇäÉ Ì® ÇÊ article (e.g., in a newspaper) âÇåî ¬ êîàâèå ¬ ÇäâðêÇå to get up âÇåî ¨Èà ð © to undertake, carry out âÇåî ¨Ùäé© to be based on ÃîâÇåî ¬ êïâêå ¬ ÇäÅâÇåÉ to reside; to set up, put on (e.g., a celebration) âîèåêñÉ Ì® ÇÊ nationalism âîèêñ Ì® ÃîâòèðêÇÁ strong åîâÇÓ Ì® åîâÇÓÇÊ size, measurement (e.g., of clothing) ã ãàî « ÇÓå like, as ãîÃîæîñ « ÌåäÉ ÇÓåêÉ as if ãîÐ§äðã also, likewise ãîåÇ « áÙä like, as ãîåÇ Ãæñ « ÌåäÉ ÇÓåêÉ as also, just as, in addition ãîÃòÓ Ì® ãïÄèÓ glass, cup ãîÈñîÑî ¬ êïãîÈñðÑ ¬ ÇäÊñîãòÈêÑ to enlarge ãîÈêÑ Ì® ãðÈÇÑ important, powerful; big; old (of people) ãîÊîÈî ¬ êîãòÊïÈ ¬ ÇäãðÊÇÈÉ to write ãðÊÇÈ Ì® ãïÊïÈ book ãïÊñÇÈ Ì® ãîÊÇÊêÈ Quran school for young children åîãòÊîÈ Ì® åîãÇÊðÈ office åîãòÊîÈÉ Ì® ÇÊ library ãÇÊðÈ Ì® ãïÊñÇÈ writer, author ÃîãòËîÑî ¨åæ© ¬ êïãòËðÑ ¬ ÇäÅãòËÇÑ to do a lot of ãîËêÑëÇ much, many ãîÑñîÑî ¬ êïãîÑñðÑ ¬ ÇäÊñîãòÑÇÑ to repeat ãïÑòÓê Ì® ãîÑÇÓí ¯¨Çäà©ãîÑÇÓê chair ãîÑÇåÉ honor, pride ãïÑÉ ÇäÓñîàäñÉ basketball ÇäãïÑÉ Çä×ñÇÆðÑÉ volleyball ãïÑÉ ÇäâîÏîå soccer ÇðãòÊîÔîáî ¬ êîãòÊîÔðá ¬ ÇäÇðãòÊðÔÇá to discover ÇðÓòÊîãÔîáî ¬ êîÓòÊîãÔðá ¬ ÇäÇðÓòÊðãòÔÇá to explore ÇäÊîãÇáàïÄ mutual compatibility ãÇáîÍî ¬ êïãÇáðÍ ¬ ÇäãðáÇÍ to fight, struggle ãîáîä ¬ êîãòáïä ¬ ÇäãîáÇäÉ to ensure, guarantee ãîáîé ¬ êîãáê ¬ ÇäãðáÇêÉ to suffice ãÇáí ¯¨Çäà©ãÇáê enough ãïäñ « ÇÓå ÌåÙ definite all ãïä « ÇÓå åáÑÏ indefinite each, every ãïäñðàêñÉ Ì® ÇÊ college, school (in a university) ãîäòÈ Ì® ãðäÇÈ dog Êîãîäñîåî ¬ êîÊîãîäñîå ¬ ÇäãîäÇå to speak ãîäðåÉ Ì® ÇÊ word Ãîãòåîä ¬ êïãòåðä ¬ ÇäÅãåÇä to complete, finish ãÇåðä entire, whole ÈãÇåäð « ÇÓå áê ÅÖÇáÉ in/with complete ãîæñÉ Ì® ãîæÇÆðæ daughter-in-law ãïæÇáÉ a kind of pastry often made with cheese ÇäãïæòêÉ ¨ÃÈè ®®® ¯ Ãïåñ ®®®© name formed with name of eldest son ãîçòÑîÈÇÆðêñ electrical ãèÒ Ì® ÃîãòèÇÒ small jug ãÇæî ¬ êîãèæ ¬ Çäãîèòæ to be ãîèñîæ ¬ êïãîèñðæ ¬ ÇäÊñîãòèêæ to form, make, create Êîãîàèñîæî ¨åðæ© ¬ êîÊîãîàèîñæ ¬ ÇäÊñîãàîèñïæ to consist of åîãÇæ Ì® ÃîåÇãðæ ¯ ÃîåòãðæÉ place åîãÇæÉ Ì® ÇÊ position, status ãîêò ¯ äðãîêò « ÇäåÖÇÑÙ ÇäåæÕèÈ in order to ãÇÏî ¬ êîãÇÏ « ÇäåÖÇÑÙ ÇäåÑáèÙ to be on the verge of, to almost äÇ êãÇÏ « ÇäåÖÇÑÙ ÇäåÑáèÙ to barely ä äðà « ÇÓå for, belonging to äðà « åÕÏÑ ¯ ÇäåÖÇÑÙ ÇäåæÕèÈ in order to äàî emphatic particle äÇ¯äå¯äêÓ ®®® áîÍîÓòÈ ¨áâ×© Èîä ®®® ÃêÖëÇ ¨ãÐäã© not only ... but (also) äÃæñî « ÌåäÉ ÇÓåêÉ because äðåÇ áêà¨àç© åðæ ®®® due to what (it) contains in the way of ... äîÈðÓî ¬ êîäòÈîÓ ¬ ÇääñïÈòÓ to wear; get dressed åîäÇÈðÓ clothes äîÈîæ yoghurt; milk (Egypt) äîÈñîé ¬ êïäîÈñê ¬ ÇäÊñîäòÈðêÉ to accept (an invitation or request) äÇÍîØî ¬ êïäÇÍðØ ¬ ÇäåïäÇÍîØÉ to notice åîäÍèØ noticeable, remarkable ÇðäòÊîÍîâî Èðà ¬ êîäòÊîÍðâ ¬ ÇäÇðäòÊðÍÇâ to enroll, enlist in (e.g., school or army) äîÍòå Ì® äïÍèå meat äîÐêÐ delicious (of food); delightful äÇÒðå necessary äðÓÇæ Ì® ÃîäòÓðæÉ ¯ÃäòÓïæ tongue ÊîäÇÔé ¬ êîÊîäÇÔé ¬ ÇäÊñîäÇÔê to vanish äî×êá Ì® äð×Çá ¬ äï×îáÇÁ nice, kind, pleasant äîÙðÈî ¬ êîäòÙîÈ ¬ ÇääñîÙðÈ to play äïÚÉ Ì® ÇÊ language äîáîØî ¬ êîäòáðØ ¬ ÇääîáòØ to utter, pronounce äîâîÈ Ì® ÃîäòâÇÈ nickname or title based on a personal characteristic or achievement äàïâàòåÉ Ì® äïâîå bite (of food) äàïâàîêòåÉ Ì® ÇÊ a small bite of food ÇðäòÊîâé ¬ êîäòÊîâê ¬ ÇäÇðäòÊðâÇÁ to meet, encounter äîåò « ÇäåÖÇÑÙ ÇäåÌÒèå past negation particle äîààåàñÇ « ÇäåÇÖê when (not a question) äîåñîÍî ¬ êïäîåñðÍ ¬ ÇäÊñîàäòåêÍ to hint äîæò « ÇäåÖÇÑÙ ÇäåæÕèÈ future negation particle äîçÌÉ Ì® äîçîÌÇÊ dialect äîèò ®®® äàî ®®® « ÇäåÇÖê if ... then (hypothetical) äîèäÇ ®®® äàî ®®® « ÇäåÇÖê if not for ... (then) ... äîèòæ Ì® ÃîäòèÇæ color; type, kind, ÒflavorÓ äîêòÓî is not äîêòäÉ Ì® äîêÇäí ¯¨Çäà©äîêÇäê night äêäÉ ÑîÃÓ ÇäÓñîæÉ New YearÕs Eve äêäÉ ÇäâîÏòÑ 27th of Ramadan, the night on which God revealed the Quran å åÇ¿ « ÇÓå what? (in questions without verbs) åÇ « áÙä what; whatever åÇ « ÇäåÇÖê past negation particle åÇÐÇ « áÙä what? (in questions using verbs) äðåÇÐÇ¿ why? åÇ ÒÇäî ¯äÇ êîÒÇä « ÇäåÖÇÑÙ ÇäåÑáèÙ ¯ÇÓå still, continue to (lit., to not cease) åÇ äà¨àç©¿ whatÕs wrong with (him)? ÇäåÇÌðÓòÊêÑ master's degree åðÆîÉ ¨åÇÆîÉ© Ì® åðÆÇÊ hundred ÃîåòÊîÙî ¬ êïåòÊðÙ ¬ ÇäÅðåòÊÇÙ to give pleasure to ÇðÓòÊîåòÊîÙî Èðà ¬ êîÓòÊîåòÊðÙ ¬ ÇäÇðÓòÊðåòÊÇÙ to enjoy åïåòÊðÙ fun åîÊé¿ when? ÈðåîËÇÈÉð « ÇÓå áê ÅÖÇáÉ like, equivalent to, functioning as åîËñîä ¬ êïåîËñðä ¬ ÇäÊñîåòËêä to act, act for, represent åðËàòä « ÅÖÇáÉ like, similar to åîËîäÇë for example, for instance åðËÇä Ì® ÃîåËðäÉ example ÇäåðËÇä è category of verbs whose first radical is ÇäåïåÇËîäÉ assimilation (grammatical) åïåÇËðä similar, resembling åîÍÇ ¬ êîåòÍè ¬ ÇäåîÍè to erase ÇðåòÊîÏñî ¬ êîåòÊîÏñ ¬ ÇäÇðåòÊðÏÇÏ to extend, stretch (for a distance or period of time) åïÏñÉ Ì® åïÏîÏ period (of time) åîÏêæÉ Ì® åïÏïæ city åîÑñî ¨Èà© ¬ êîåïÑñ ¬ ÇäåïÑèÑ to pass (of time); to pass by/through ÇðÓòÊîåîÑñî ¬ êîÓòÊîåðÑñ ¬ ÇäÇðÓòÊðåòÑÇÑ to continue åîÑñÉ Ì® åîÑñÇÊ once, (one) time ÇðåòÑîÃîÉ ¯ ÇäåîÑòÃîÉ Ì® æðÓÇÁ woman ÊîåîÑñîÏî ¬ êîÊîåîÑñîÏ ¬ ÇäÊîåîÑñïÏ to rebel ÊîåîÑñïÓ mastery, excellent command of (a field) åîÑêÖ Ì® åîÑòÖé sick ÊîåòÑêæ Ì® ÊîåÇÑêæ drill åîÒêÌ ¨åæ© mixture (of) åîÓÇÁ evening ÊîåîÓñîãî ¨Èà© ¬ êÊåÓñîã ¬ ÇäÊñîåÓñïã to hold fast to, stick to, adhere to ÊîåÇÓîãî ¬ êîÊåÇÓîã ¬ ÇäÊñîåÇÓïã to be cohesive, cohere, hold or stick together åîÔîé ¬ êîåòÔê ¬ ÇäåîÔòê to walk åðÕòÑ Egypt åðÕòÑðêñ Ì® åðàÕòÑðêñèæ Egyptian åîÖé ¬ êîåÖê ¬ ÇäåïÖðêñ to pass (said of time) åÖé ¨Ùäé© to pass (since) åÇÖí ¯ ¨Çäà©åÇÖê past, last; the past tense åî×îÑ Ì® Ãîå×ÇÑ rain åïåò×ðÑ rainy, raining åÙëÇ together èåÙ Ðäã áà nonetheless, however åãÇæ ãèæ see Ãîåòãîæî ¨Ãæò© ¬ êïåòãðæ ¬ ÇäÅåòãÇæ it is possible to åïåãðæ possible Ùäé âîÏòÑ ÇäÅåòãÇæ ¯ÈâîÏòÑ ÇäÅåòãÇæ as much as possible åðäñÉ Ì® åðäîä community of a religious denomination åïåðäñ boring åîäîãî ¬ êîåòäðã ¬ Çäåïäòã to own, possess åîäðã Ì® åïäèã king ÇäàåîåÇäêã ¨å® åîåäèã© Mamelukes åðäÇêÉ Ì® ÇÊ sheet åðæ « ÇäÌåÙ among åðæ ÎäÇä through, by way of, from åðæòÍÉ Ì® åðæîÍ scholarship award, grant åïæòÐï since; ago Êîåîæñîé ¨Ãæò© ¬ êîÊîåîæñîé ¬ ÇäÊñîåîæñê to hope, wish that ÊîåçêÏëÇ äàð in preparation for åðçòæÉ Ì® åðçîæ work, occupation åÇÊî ¬ êîåèÊ ¬ ÇäåîèòÊ to die ÇäåèÓêâé music åÇä Ì® ÃåèÇä money åÇÁ Ì® åðêÇç water åÇÆðÏÉ Ì® åîèÇÆðÏ table åîêòÏÇæ Ì® åîêÇÏêæ field, domain åîêñîÒî ¨àç© Ùæ¯åæ ¬ êïåîêñðÒ ¬ ÇäÊñîåòêêÒ to distinguish (something) from åïåòÊÇÒ excellent åêÒÉ Ì® ÇÊ distinguishing, positive feature or aspect åîêòä Ì® åïêèä ¨Çäé© tendency, inclination, leaning, bent æ æÇÓ ÃæÓ see ÇäæàïÈèÚ giftedness, exceptional talent æîÈðêñ Ì® ÃîæòÈðêÇÁ prophet ÃîæòÊîÌî ¬ êïæòÊðÌ ¬ ÇäÅæòÊÇÌ to produce æîÊêÌÉë äðà as a result of æîÌîÍî ¨áê© ¬ êîæòÌîÍ ¬ ÇäæàñîÌÇÍ to succeed, pass æîÍêá Ì® æðÍÇá thin ÇäæñîÍòè grammar, syntax æîÍòèî toward æîÍòèêñ Ì® èæ ¯æïÍÇÉ grammarian áê ¨ãä© ÃîæòÍÇÁ ÇäÙÇäîå all over the world åæ æÇÍêÉ ®®® ¯åæ ÇäæÇÍêÉ Çäàà ®®® with respect to, from a ... standpoint æÇÏé ¨Èà© ¬ êïæÇÏê ¬ ÇäåïæÇÏÇÉ ¯ÇäæðÏÇÁ to call (for), to call, call out æîÏòèÉ Ì® æîÏîèÇÊ seminar, symposium æÇÏí /ÇäæñÇÏê Ì® æîèÇÏí ¯ÇäæñèÇÏê club æîÒîäî ¨åæ© ¬ êîæòÒðä ¬ ÇäæñïÒèä to descend æîÒîäî áê to lodge, room, stay (e.g., in a hotel) åîæòÒðä Ì® åîæÇÒðä house, residence ÇðæòÊîÓîÈî ¨Çäé© ¬ êîæòÊîÓðÈ ¬ ÇäÇðæòÊðÓÇÈ to be related to, belong to æðÓòÈÉ nisba adjective; percentage, proportion ÈðÇäæðñÓòÈÉ äðà for, in relation to åïæÇÓðÈ appropriate, suitable æðÓÇÁ ¨å® ÇðåòÑîÃÉ ¬ ÇäåîÑòÃîÉ© women æîÓðêî ¬ êîæòÓé ¬ ÇäæñðÓòêÇæ to forget æîÔîÃî ¬ êîæòÔîÃ ¬ ÇäæñïÔèÁ to grow up ÃîæòÔîÃî ¬ êïæÔðÆ ¬ ÇäÅðæòÔÇÁ to found, establish, erect åïîæòÔîÃÉ ¬ åïæÔîÂÊ establishment, institution (physical) æîÔîÑî ¬ éîæòÔïÑ ¬ ÇäæîñÔòÑ to publish ÇðæòÊîÔîÑî ¬ êîæòÊîÔðÑ ¬ ÇäÇðæòÊðÔÇÑ to spread æîÔÇ× Ì® ÇÊ ¯ ÃæÔð×É activity æîÕñ Ì® æïÕèÕ text åîæòÕðÈ Ì® åîæÇÕðÈ position, job ÇäåîæòÕèÈ subjunctive mood (verbs), accusative case (nouns) æîÕêÍÉ Ì® æîÕÇÆðÍ (piece of) advice ÇðæòÊîÕîáî ¬ êîæòÊîÕðá ¬ ÇäÇðæÊðÕÇá to be in the middle æðÕòá half åïæòÊîÕîá middle, mid-way æîÖîÌî ¬ êîæòÖïÌ ¬ ÇäæñïÖÌ to mature or ripen æÇÖðÌ mature (of people), ripe (of food) åîæò×ðâ logic åðæò×îâÉ Ì® åîæÇ×ðâ area, region èÇÓÙ Çäæñð×Çâ wide-ranging æîØîÑî ¨Çäé© ¬ êîæòØàïÑ ¬ ÇäæàîñØàîÑ ¨to look (at ÇðæòÊîØîÑî ¬ êîæòÊîØðÑ ¬ ÇäÇðæòÊðØÇÑ to wait for èðÌòçÉ æîØîÑ Ì® èðÌòçÇÊ æîàØîÑ point of view æîØîÑðêñÉ Ì® ÇÊ theory æîØñÇÑÉ Ì® ÇÊ (pair of) eyeglasses åîæòØîÑ Ì® åîæÇØðÑ view æîØÇáÉ cleanliness, tidiness æîØêá Ì® æðØÇá clean, tidy æîØîñåî ¬ êïæîØñðå ¬ ÇäÊñîæòØêå to organize, regulate æðØÇå Ì® ÃîæòØðåÉ ¯ æïØïå system, order ÇðæòÊðØÇå regularity, orderliness æîáòÓ Ì® ÃîæòáïÓ same; self Çäæñîáê negation æðâÇÈ veil that covers the face æîâîÏî ¬ êîæòâïÏ ¬ ÇäæñîâòÏ to criticize ÃîæâîÐî ¬ êïæòâðÐ ¬ ÇäÅæòâÇÐ to save, rescue æÇâîÔî ¬ êïæÇâðÔ ¬ ÇäåïæÇâîÔÉ to discuss æðâÇÔ ¯ åïæÇâîÔÉ Ì® ÇÊ discussion æîâîäî ¬ êîæòâïä ¬ Çäæñîâòä to move (something); to translate Êîæàîâàñîäî ¬ êîÊîæàîâàñîä ¬ ÇäÊîæîàâïñàä to move around ÊîæÇâîäî ¨ÇäÎÈÑ© ¬ êîÊîæÇâîä ¬ ÇäÊñîæÇâïä to pass on (news), relate to each other ÇðæòÊîâîäî ¨Åäé© ¬ êîæòÊîâðä ¬ ÇäÇðæòÊðâÇä to move (to) ÇðæòÊîâîå ¨åæ© ¬ êîæòÊîâðå ¬ ÇäÇðæÊðâÇå to take revenge on ÕèÑÉ æîåî×ðêñÉ stereotype æîåèÐîÌ Ì® æîåÇÐðÌ sample, model, type æîçÇÑ daytime ÇðæòÊîçîÒî ¨ÇäáÑÕÉ äðà© ¬ êîæòÊîçðÒ ¬ ÇäÇðæÊçÇÒ to seize (the opportunity to) æîçòÖÉ Ì® ÇÊ rebirth, renaissance ÇðæòÊîçîé ¨åðæ© ¬ êîæòÊîçê ¬ ÇäÇðæòÊðçÇÁ to finish Çäæñîçê negative imperative ÊîæîèñîÙî ¬ êîÊîæîèñîÙ ¬ ÇäÊîæîèñïÙ to be of various kinds, types æîèòÙ Ì® ÃîæòèÇÙ åæ type, kind, variety åïÊîæîèñðÙ various ÊîîæÇèîäî ¬ êîÊîæÇèîä ¬ ÇäÊñîæÇèïä to take, have (a meal); to take up, treat (a topic) áê åïÊîæîÇèîä within reach of æÇåî ¬ êîæÇå ¬ Çäæîñèòå to sleep, go to sleep æÇÆðå Ì® èæ sleeping æîèîé ¨Ãîæò© ¬ êîæòèê ¬ ÇäæðêñÉ to intend to æðêñÉ Ì® ÇÊ ¯æîèÇêÇ intention æðêÇÈêñ parliamentary çà ¨è© çà§àãîÐÇ ¨áà© thus, so, in this way, that way çÇÊðá telephone çÇÌîÑî ¬ êïçÇÌðÑ ¬ ÇäçðÌòÑÉ to emigrate ¨ÓæÉ© çðÌòÑêÉ ¨çà®© year of Islamic calendar çÇÌîåî ¬ êïçÇÌðå ¬ ÇäçïÌèå ¯ÇäåïçÇÌîåÉ to attack çîÏîáî ¨äààð ¯Åäé© ¬ êîçÏïá ¬ ÇäçîÏòá to aim to ÇðÓòÊîçÏîáî ¬ êîÓòÊîçòÏðá ¬ ÇäÇðÓòÊðçÏÇá to seek (something) as a goal çîÏîá Ì® ÃîçòÏÇá goal, aim çîÏðêñÉ Ì® çîÏÇêÇ gift, present çà§àÐÇ ¬ çà§àÐÇæð ¯ çà§àÐîêòæð Ì® çà§àÄïäÇÁð this (masculine) çà§àÐðçð ¬ çÇÊÇæð ¯ çÇÊîêòæð Ì® çà§àÄïäÇÁð this (feminine) ÊîçîÐñîÈî ¬ êîÊîçîÐñîÈ ¬ ÇäÊñîçîÐñïÈ to become refined, educated ÇðçòÊîÒñî ¬ êîçòÊîÒñ ¬ ÇäÇðçòÊðÒÇÒ to be moved; tremble, shake çðäÇä crescent moon (after new moon) çîåñî ¬ êîçïåñ to be important, of concern to ÇðçòÊîåñî ¨Èà©ð ¬ êîçÊîåñ ¬ ÇäÇðçòÊðåÇå to be interested in Ãçîåñ more or most important ÃîîçîåñðêñÉ importance åîçîåñÉ Ì åîçÇåñ mission, function, important task çÇåñ Ì® èæ importantñ åïçðåñ Ì® èæ important, momentous çîåîÓî ¬ êîçåðÓ ¬ ÇäçîåòÓ to whisper çïæÇã there; there is/are çðæÏêñ Ì® çïæèÏ Indian (Asian or Native American) ÇäçîæòÏîÓÉ engineering åïçîæòÏðÓ Ì® èæ engineer ÇðÓòÊîçòèé ¬ êîÓòÊîçòèê ¬ ÇäÇðÓòÊðçòèÇÁ to fascinate, enthrall; to attract, entice çðèÇêÉ Ì® ÇÊ hobby è è « ÇÓå åÌÑèÑ (in oaths): (I swear) by ... èÇääçð by God! I swear to God! èîäîè if only, even if êîÌðÈ Ãîæò it is necessary to (impersonal) èîÌòÈÉ Ì® èîÌîÈÇÊ meal, main dish èÇÌðÈ Ì® ÇÊ duty; homework èîÌîÏî ¬ êîÌðÏ ¬ ÇäèÌèÏ to find ÊîèîÌñîçî ¨Çäé© ¬ êîÊîèîÌñîç ¬ ÇäÊñîèîÌñïç to head toward, turn to ÇðÊñîÌîçî ¨Çäé© ¬ êîÊñîÌðç ¬ ÇäÇðÊðàñÌÇç to head in the direction of èîÌòç Ì® èïÌèç ¯ ÃîèòÌïç face; facet, aspect èÇÌðçÉ Ì® ÇÊ facade, front èðÌòçÉ æîØîÑ Ì® èðÌòçÇÊ æîØîÑ point of view, opinion ÇðÊñðÌÇç Ì® ÇÊ direction ÌðçÉ Ì® ÇÊ side, direction åðæ ÌðçÉ ®®® èåðæ ÌðçÉ ÃïÎòÑé on one hand ... and on the other hand ÇðÊñîÍîÏî ¬ êîÊñîÍðÏ ¬ ÇäÇðÊñðÍÇÏ to unite ÇðÊñðÍÇÏ Ì® ÇÊ union èîÍòÏÉ unity èîÍòÏî ¨ç© alone, by (oneÕs) self èîÍêÏ Ì® èæ only; lonely ÏîÙò ¨ÏîÙê ¬ ÏîÙèÇ© let, leave (imperative only) ÊïÑÇË (literary and cultural) heritage èîÑîâ Ì® ÃîèòÑÇâ paper èîÑÇÁî behind åæ èîÑÇÁð through, by means of èîÒêÑ Ì® èïÒîÑÇÁ minister èðÒÇÑÉ Ì® ÇÊ ministry èîÒñîÙî ¬ êïèîÒñðÙ ¬ ÇäÊîñèòÒêÙ to send, dispatch (a delegation) èîÒòæ Ì® ÃîèòÒÇæ morphological pattern, verb form èîÓî×î amidst, in the middle of åïÊîèîÓñð× intermediate èîÓñîÙî ¨àç© Ùäé ¬ êïèîÓðñÙ ¬ ÇäÊñîèòÓêÙ to extend (something) to someone ÇðÊààñîÓîÙî ¨äààð © ¬ êîÊààñîÓðÙ ¬ ÇäÇðÊñðÓÇÙ to be wide enough for èÇÓðÙ wide, spacious åîèòÓèÙÉ Ì® ÇÊ encyclopedia ÓðåÉ Ì® ÇÊ characteristic èîÕîáî ¬ êîÕðá ¬ ÇäèîÕòá to describe ÇðÊñîÕîáî ¨Èàð © ¬ êîÊñîÕðá ¬ ÇäÇðÊñðÕÇá to possess as a characteristic, be described by èîÕòá Ì® ÃîèòÕÇá description ÕðáÉ Ì® ÕðáÇÊ adjective; characteristic èîÕîäî ¬ êîÕðä ¬ ÇäèïÕèä to arrive èÇÕîäî ¬ êïèÇÕðä ¬ ÇäåïèÇÕàîäÉ to continue ÃîèòÕîäî ¬ êïèÕðä ¬ ÇäÅêÕÇä to make reach, bring/take to ÊîèÇÕîäî ¨åÙ© ¬ êîÊîèÇÕîä ¬ ÇäÊñîèÇÕïä to communicate with (each other) ÇðÊñîÕîäî ¨Èàð © ¬ êîÊñîÕðä ¬ ÇäÇðÊñðÕÇä to contact, get in touch with ÕðäÉ Ì® ÇÊ connection, link, tie, bond ÃèòÖîÍî ¬ êïèÖðÍ ¬ ÇäÅêÖÇÍ to clarify, explain èÇÖðÍ clear èîÖîÙî ¬ êîÖðÙ ¬ ÇäèîÖòÙ to put, place; to set down in writing èîÖòÙ Ì® ÃèòÖÇÙ situation, position åîèòÖèÙ Ì® ÇÊ ¯åîèÇÖêÙ subject, topic åïÊîèÇÖàðÙ Ì® èæ modest, humble èî×îæ Ì® Ãîèò×Çæ homeland èî×îæêñ native; patriotic åïèÇ×ðæ Ì® èæ citizen èîØêáÉ Ì® èîØÇÆðá work, position åïèîØàñîá¯É Ì® èæ employee ÇðÓòÊîèòÙîÈî ¬ êîÓòÊîèòÙðÈ ¬ ÇäÇðÓòÊðêÙÇÈ to assimilate, absorb åîèòÙðÏ Ì® åîèÇÙêÏ appointment èîÙé ¬ êîÙê ¬ ÇäèîÙê to be aware, conscious ÃîèòáîÏî ¬ êèáðÏ ¬ ÇäÅêáÇÏ to send, dispatch (a delegation) èîáòÏ Ì® èïáèÏ delegation èîáñîÑî ¬ êïèîáñðÑ ¬ ÇäÊñîèòáêÑ to provide (in abundance), to make abundant èîáêÑ abundant èÇáîâî ¨àç© Ùäé ¬ êïèÇáðâ ¬ ÇäåïèÇáîâÉ to agree with (s.one) about; to accept (e.g., a proposal) Êïèïáñàðêî passed away èîáÇÉ Ì® èîáîêÇÊ death èîâòÊ Ì® ÃîèòâÇÊ time åïÄîâàñîÊ temporary èîâîÙî ¬ êîâîÙ ¬ ÇäèïâèÙ to fall; happen, occur, be located Êîèîâàñîáî ¬ êîÊîèîâàîñá ¬ ÇäÊîèîâàñïá to stop åîèâðá Ì® åîèÇâàðá position, stance èîâé ¬ êîâê ¬ ÇäèðâÇêÉ to take precautionary measures to protect èîãêä æðêÇÈÉ Ì® èïãîäÇÁ æðêÇÈÉ public prosecutor (similar to district attorney) èïäðÏî ¬ êèäîÏ ¬ ÇäèðäÇÏÉ to be born èîäîÏ Ì® ÃîèòäÇÏ son, boy; child èÇäðÏ Ì® èÇäÏðèæ father èÇäðÏÉ Ì® ÇÊ mother åêäÇÏ birth ¨ÓæÉ© åêäÇÏêñÉ ¨å®© year in Christian calendar Êîèîäñé ¬ êîÊîèäñé ¬ ÇäÊñîèäñê to undertake, assume (e.g., a duty or position) ÊîèÇäé ¬ êÊèÇäé ¬ ÇäÊñîèÇäé to follow each other in succession èîäðêñ Ì® ÃîèòäðêÇÁ holy person, popular saint èÇäí ¯ ¨Çäàà© èÇäê Ì® èïäÇÉ ruler, governor èðäÇêÉ Ì® ÇÊ state, province èîçîÈî ¬ êîçîÈ ¬ ÇäèîçòÈ to give (as a gift), donate, grant çðÈÉ Ì® ÇÊ present, donation, gift ÇðÊñîçîåî ¨àç© Èà êîÊñîçðå ¬ ÇäÇðÊñðçÇå to accuse (someone) of ê ÇäêÇÈÇæ Japan êîÏ Ì® ÃîêÇÏí ¯ÇäÃîêÇÏê hand Ùäé êîÏ ¯ ÃîêòÏê at the hands of êîÓÇÑ left (side/direction) åîêòÓèÑ comfortable, well-off ÃîêòâîØî ¬ êèâðØ ¬ ÇäÅêòâÇØ to wake (someone) up êîåêæ right (side/direction) êîçèÏðêñ Ì® êîçèÏ Jew, Jewish ÇäêîçèÏðêñÉ Judaism êîèòå Ì® ÃîêñÇå day ÃêñÇåàîàçÇ in those days Çäêîèòåî today