ࠠΠ ǠӺ ɺ Π ɺ ʠɠɠ ٺ Ϡ Ⱥ Ǡ ǠǺ Р < РР to take up, take on, adopt РǠРǠР ɠ̮ < 頠ꠠ to build < 頠̮ ɩbuilding < ɠ (good) quality, goodness 堠̮ < to bathe < charitable, philanthropic 䠬 <  to overlap < ͠ to rest, relax ɠ < ٠̮ character ⠠̮ < by way of, by means of < ࠨ穠 on (ones) way to Ѡ < ɠ̮ phenomenon ࠠ < Ǡ (it is) no wonder Ӡ̮ < Ӡ̮ bridegroom  < 䠠̮ factor < < to be limited to < ɠ̮ rule < 栠 to do a lot of 栠 < Ѻ栠 being < noticeable, remarkable ؠɠɠ 䠠䠠 < to lodge, room (e.g., in a hotel), live < 䠠̮ ;ʩhouse, residence (in Classical texts) a way station < ɠ establishment, institution (physical) 䠠 < ѩ to pass on, recount to each other < to seek (s.th.) as a goal <  to be important, of concern to 砠̮ < 頬砬 to head in the direction of < ɠ̮ faade, front < through, by means of ᠬ < 𠬠 to possess as a characteristic, be described, characterized by Ӡ Ѡ̮ trace, vestige, mark; (pl.) ruins, monuments ϠϠ to confirm, give assurance, emphasize ɠ̮ goods, merchandise ʠ fixed, firmly established, proven reward from God Ƞ ɠ̮ foreign community ɠ̮ civilization Ѡ̮ wine 蠨Ǡꩠ˺ʠ possessing Ѡʠ 栠̮ corner, cornerstone, pillar (literal and figurative) ٠ wonderful, awesome wedding celebration Ѡ to flourish 䠠̮䠯ɠ path, way; public drinking fountain 頠 to be cured, healed, to recover soap ɠ health 񠠬 to include, join together (elements of a whole) ɠ̮ (social) class  across, through, by way of Ѡ̮ scent, perfume  to announce 栠 announcement; advertisement, commercial ɠ architecture 䠠 to wash luxurious, splendid to embark upon, give ones attention to farthest, utmost, maximum 頠 ɠ̮ community of a religious denomination ̠ to mature or ripen mature (people), ripe (food) cleanliness, tidiness clean, tidy ̠̮ sample, model, type to provide (in abundance), to make abundant abundant ɠ 栱ʠɠ àࠠǠ堺 ࠠǠ忠ɿ ࠠǠʠʠɿ ࠠɠǿǠѠ鯠ǿ ꯠʿ ࠠǠǠǠ嬠Ǡ ࠠǠʠɠǠ ࠠ뿠㠿Ǡ ࠠǠϠ ࠠǠǬǠ ࠠǠ٠ʠǿǿ ࠠǠɠɌɠ٬Ǡ 1ࠠ嬠ǠѠϠʠǿ ȠࠠѠ You have hired someone to help you clean your house. Tell him or her what to do, and what not to do. ʠɠʠ Ƞ 栲Ǡǿ ǠɠǠ ǠɠǠ ʠꠠŠ Ѡ ʠɠ̠Š ɠɠ ࠠǠʠŠ 10ʠǠ ǠŠ 11Ѡɠ ɠŠ 12Ƞ栠 ࠠǠ⠠Š Ѡ͠ ǠɠɠŠɠ 栳ꠘnjѠȠʠ 亠ʠѠȠʠ꺠ǠǠѡ ʺ ٠ ࠠɠӺ ࠠϠˠʠɠsaid to himself ࠠǠʠ⠘ҌǠ ࠠǠҠϠǠϠ ࠠϠɠ٠ɠʠɠ 栴ǠɠɠǠڠ ࠠϠʠɠҠѠ Ѡ̠䌠ؠǠ ࠠѠǠȠ砮 ࠠɠǠǠ٠ǠϠ ࠠʠɠϠϠʠʠɠ࠮ ࠠɠנɠ ࠠɠɠɠӠ橠Ƞ ѠѠǠʠϠ ࠠɠǭɠ٠ 砮 ࠠȠǠ͠砮 ࠠǠ̠Ϡ֠ǠϠ֠ɮ 10ࠠǠǠɠǠѠ ʠɠ堮 ࠠɠɠǠϠɠ ǠѠȠ匠 12ࠠϠӠҠ̠堮 13ࠠȠ̠ʠǠѠϠǠ ȠѠ꠮ 14ࠠѠǠ٠ɠɠ 15ࠠӠ٠ɠǠɠǮ 16ࠠǠʠѠɠɠ͠Ѡɠ ɠ 栵ǠɠɠǠڠ ࠠ栘Ҍɠʮ à Ƞ ࠮ Ϡ ࠠѠɠǠȠǠǠ 砮 à Ƞ ࠮ Ϡ ࠠɠǠՠǠ٠ɠ ȠҮ à Ƞ ࠮ Ϡ ̠ࠠӠ1492Ǡ ɠѠɠɠǠǮ à Ƞ ̠ Ϡ ࠠϠ֠Ǡ Ƞɠ ɠɮ à Ƞ ̠ Ϡ ࠠɠʠǠʠ ʠɮ à Ƞ ࠮ Ϡ ࠠǠ렡Ǡ٠Ǡ٠ à Ƞ ࠮ Ϡ ࠠȠȠǠǠѠ ʠȠɠ堮 à Ƞ ࠮ Ϡ ࠠʠɠѠɠ ɠ à Ƞ ࠮ Ϡ 10ࠠҠǠˠɠɠɠ ɠ à Ƞ ࠮ Ϡ 11ࠠɠ٠ɠɠɠ ͠ʠɠ堮 à Ƞ ࠮ Ϡ 12ࠠǠȠǠǠǬ͠ǠɠǮ à Ƞ ࠮ Ϡ 13ࠠѠ ӠɠȠ࠮ à Ƞ ࠮ Ϡ 14ࠠɠϠȠǠ Ѡɠ鮠 à Ƞ ࠮ Ϡ 15ࠠנȠ Ǡ꠮ à Ƞ ࠮ Ϡ ʠɠ àࠠ젯련栯ꩠ堮 whether ... or ... ӠǠǠɠӠɮ Ǯ 堠 or Note that is used mainly in direct or implied questions to offer two possibilities only, one of which must be true. Ѡʿ ǠǠѠǠѠǿ ȠࠠҠ (of) first-rate, first class (quality) ѠʠɠɠǠҠʠ Ǡɠɮ ǠǠǠҠϠȠ Ϡ ࠠ to say nothing of, let alone, besides ʠǠǠǠʬʠǠǠɠ ʠàǠɠɬǠՠǠǠ Ǡɮ ѠѠɠȠѠɠɠɬ ϠʠǠʠɮ Ϡࠠ꠨䩠 all over the world ࠘Ǡnjʠɠؠ 堘ʠ錠ǠǠǠ ͠ʠ ࠠɠ ǠѠѠѠ笠 ɠѬɠ Ԡ٠ǠǠѠǠꬠɠѬʠѠ ࠠ Nonetheless, ... ; However, ... Ǡ֠ǠɠѠɠɠ ɬǠϠǠѠ֠Ѡ ؠȠɠˠ Ҡࠠ most closely resembling ʠѠ٠ɠ ࠠ𠠨ɩ 䩠like, equivalent to, functioning as ԠϠʠɠɠɠɠ Ϡɠ 栶ʠɠ Ǡʠé੠ Π 穠頠He is exalted above all ɠǠǠ Ѡ ɠѬϠ1145ɠɠӠ1217ɮȠѠɠby accidentǠin atonementǠʠ箠ѠɠɠҠɠȠǠɮȠɠь ΠϠ ȠѠȠ꠨ʠ1072婬ˠΠᮠȠѠϮ ՠՠթ ˠѠɬ٠ǠȠAleppo Ƞɠ ʠɠǠȠ頨10971291宩 ɮʠǠǠɠȠ宠ʠȠϠ̠ǠɠϠѠˠѮ ɠѠɠѠǠѠɮ 栠 ɠɠɠ11691250宩Ǡ͠SaladinʠȠʠɠɠʠӠ殠ʠѠɠʠǠ ɠɮ ѠϠ栨ѩ ٠殠ѠѠ栲ɠϠӠҠ⮠ǠѠǠ͠ѠǠ 样 ɺ Ǡʠʠɠʠɠǿ Ǡ֠ʠɠɠ㬠Ǡʠǿ ʠʠǠ婠ǠꌿǠ迠 核ɠ頠 ࠠʠʠɠǠՠ à Ƞ ࠠ٠֠ʿ ࠠǠ٠٠ʿ ࠠѠՠɠɠ࠮ ࠠѠՠϠǠ࠮ ࠠǠ濠 ࠠѯǠǠǠպ ʠɠɠ ɠɠɠǠɠɠʠɠɠǠǠ٠̮ϠʠɠǠɠɠʠǠѠӠǠǠɠɬʠǠנǠ嬠ʠʠɠȠǠǠǬʠ͠Ǯ ҠɠɠʠʠʠɠɠѠǠǠנꮠʠǠǠɠɠʠɻǠǠǠɠɠɬǠǠǠʠ٠ӠǮؠʠǠР묠ǠǠȠѮɠɠΠ͠ʠɠ묠ǠϠɠǮ ʠɠʠɠɠɠɠɠϠǠѠȠ٠ӬǮɠɠɠɠϠ٠䬠ǠʠɠɬРϠǠȮǠʠɠǠɠʠɠɠӬʠǠϠɠɮ ̠ɠѬˠʠɠǠѠРӠꬠ堭ǠɮǠѠɠɠǠɬѠǠǬǠǠʠɬ}ǠǠ{ ʠɠɠʠǠѠʠɠǠӠʠ宠ӠǠѠ嬠ϠʠɠǠѠǠϠɠǠ滠Ƞ堹ݻѠɠʠɠǠӠ宠 Ǡʠʠɠꬠ砮ϠΠϠɠǠ٠ɠɠ宠ǠʠɠҠѠɬϠʠǠɠɠɮʠѠʠʠɠ̠ѠȠɬϠǠ宠̠ʠɠȠꮠ ɠѠѠɠɠȬǠǠǠǠҠ䮠֠ǠѠǠ箠ӠӠǠᬠѠϠɠɬ̠РɠɠǠȠʠ٠ʠѠӬǠɮɠǠǠӠǠɬɠϠʠǠѠǠǠϠ嬠ǠǮǠȠǠѠѠȠ宠 Ǡʠʠɠʠ ꬠʠ⬠ɠǠȠꮠȠʠǠʠϠɬ͠ɠѠՠ⬠Ӡ̠ɠɠѠӠϠѠϮǠʠ֠ʠϠʠ欠ɠѠȠѠӠϠꬠϠ⮠ Ǡ⬠ǠʠʠɠѠǮϠѠɠϠǬ砭ѠɠѠ嬠栘Ǡ⬠挬ǠϠ殠ѠǠ٠ՠǬՠͬϠɠǠ٠٠ѠѠѮǠǠɠʠɬ͠ɠɠɠ⬠͠ѠǠѠǬǠѠ箠 ȠɠɠɠɌϮϠѬ ϠˬɠɠʠѠʠ1987 根ɠɠNumber the paragraphs in the text before continuing. ǠʠǠՠɠǠɠ 頠 to attest to ɠ tint, shade, coloring ɠ ensure precautionary measures for public health 頨橠 to frequent, stop repeatedly at  to be richly supplied with 頠꠨ѩ to attract (attention) (public) demonstration, spectacle was not without, had a certain ... ࠠǠɠʠʠɠɿ Ǡʠʿ ࠠʠɠʠǠɠʺ ࠠǠɠʠʠȿ ࠠʠʠȬɠ꿠ǿ ࠠǠӠɿǠѿ ࠠ ࠠǠʠʠǠѿ ࠠʠɺ àࠠɠ2 ǠǠȠ頽 Ƞࠠɠ Ǡ ʠɠǠ栠 ࠠɠ ǠѠɠɠǠɠ Ϡࠠɠ ӠǠѠ堽 ʠɠǠӠ堠 ࠠɠ ӠӠǠᠽ 栨ɩɠϠʠǠѠǠ ࠠɠ ϠɠǠ䠽 ͠ѠǠѠǠ ҠࠠɠǺ Ǡ䠘堬Ɍ ՠ͠ ͠ɠɠɠ⠽ 栰ɠϠ 1. The introduction or opening paragraph(s) often consitute the most difficult part of any text, because it is there that the writer attempts to capture the readers attention by using his or her best style. Study the opening paragraph of the text with the help of the questions below: àࠠɠɠǠɠɠʠɠɠǠ Ǡ٠. To understand this sentence you must pay close attention to its structure. (a) Determine the referents of all verbs and pronouns and draw arrows to show the relationships. (b) Guess the meaning of . What helped you guess? (c) Remember that indefinite nouns sometimes give the sense any ... Give the meaning of : (d) Remember that Ǡ , when they occur in the same sentence, combine to mean what in the way of. To get at the meaning of this structure, focus on the phrase following . How does its meaning fit into the rest of the sentence? (e) Give the general meaning of the sentence (in English): ȠࠠϠʠɠǠɠɠʠǠǠ ǠɠɬʠǠנ꠮ʠ ʠɮ (a) Give the subject of : (b) To what does refer? (c) What is the subject of ? (d) What is the subject of ? (Hint: note that it is not parallel to because it is not preceded by ). To what does in refer? (Pay attention to gender.) (e) Paraphrase the meaning of the sentence . 2. Vowel and translate the underlined portions, and name the structure they share: àࠠɠʠǠϠɠɠ Ƞࠠɠ֠ǠѠǠ砮 ࠠɠǠʠʠɮ ϠࠠɠȠʠǠʠϠɮ ࠠɠǠʠ֠ʠϠʠ ࠠɠ͠ɠɠɠ⠮ 3. Find all of the variations of in the first two paragraphs. Give the reason for the case ending in each case. (Remember: 蠯Ǡ꠻蠯Ǡ) 4. Remember: Ǡ = what in the way of. Give the general meaning of the following sentence with the help of the question: what attracts attention in these buildings? àࠠɠѠ࠮ǠǠʠɠ ȠࠠɠǠϠ Note: 栫Ǡ . often means (a fact) which ... , referring to the immediately preceding sentence. Translate: ࠠɠ٠٠ѠѠѮ In this sentence, 栮 means who in the way of (parallel to Ǡ). Replace with the phrase following and give the general meaning of this sentence with the help of the question: with whom did the (visiting) merchant meet? 5. Vowel paragraphs 4 and 5 in preparation for reading aloud. Ϡ ɠAssimilation The following verbs all belong to . Try to identify of each: 堨 These verbs illustrate what happens when certain root letters combine with . Remember that verbs whose roots begin with combine with in such a way that the is swallowed by the , as in (Ϡͭ . Similarly, when roots beginning with combine with , the two s are written as one with a , as in ٠ʭȭ٩ . Other spelling and pronunciation conventions reflect the combination of certain sounds with the of . For example, when the root ҭͭ combines with , the voicing of carries over to the , resulting in the combination . (To see why this happens, pronounce aloud several times; you will hear become as you say the word quickly.) Similarly, the emphatic sounds and also affect the sound of so that it sounds like and is spelled . The following diagram summarizes the derivation of these verbs: 䠺 ʭȭ٠Ѿ ٩ Ѿ ʠʠ Ѿ Ѿ ҭͭ堠Ѿ Ѿ Ҡ Ѿ Ϡ Ѿ 堠 խϭ堠Ѿ Ѿ ՠ Ѿ נ Ѿ 堠to collide ֭ѭѠѾ Ѿ ֠ Ѿ נ Ѿ 頠 Similar shifts also occur in roots that begin with , , and (although such combinations are rare): ׭٩ Эέѩ Learn to recognize these combinations so that you can determine the and of similar verbs. 栱ɠ Use the dictionary to find the meanings of the underlined words: ࠠȠ٠ѠǠɠᠮ ࠠϠȠɠ ࠠʠȠǠɠ ࠠǠǠǠ砮 ࠠʠ栮 Expressions of Time with The suffix may be added to words expressing a period of time to give the meaning at that (time), among them: Ϡ㠨ʩ 栨ʩ Ϡ 栲ǠɠɠǠЌ ࠠ࠮ ࠠ͠Ǡɠ1975ʠǠɠɠ ࠠʠɠʠѠʠǮ ࠠ٠ˠɠɠǠǮ ࠠȠǠɠנ Ǡ堮 By now you should be able to recognize, derive, and conjugate all of the you have studied. You have also learned that some of the are related in meaning. In particular, you have examined the following relationships: 䠠Ѡ䠺 ꠠѠ ѠѠ 䠠Ѡ䠺 ѠѠ ̠Ѡ These verb pairs demonstrate that certain form natural pairs whose meanings are related to each other. We will now examine the relationships of meaning among all of the . As you learn these meanings, remember that they are best understood in relation to each other, rather than in an absolute sense. Understanding the relationships of meaning among helps you guess the meaning of new verbs in context. Note that the meanings of some verbs can be easily derived from a noun or adjective of the same . For example: 砠 < to face or head in the direction of ᠠ < to clean In addition, knowing the meanings of allows you to guess how a certain meaning might be expressed. For example, if you know the verb , and you want to say to insert, you can use what you know about the relationship between and to guess that might give you the meaning you want. However, you must always check your dictionary: some combinations of and , while theoretically possible, are simply not used. A useful principle to remember is that the higher the number of the , the more abstract the meaning of the verb. As Arab grammarians have noted: ɠ栽ɠ Note that a given English verb may not convey all the meanings of a similar Arabic verb; or it may convey several meanings, each of which requires a different in Arabic. For example, English walk may be intransitive (I walk a lot) or transitive (I walk something, e.g., my dog). In Arabic, each of these two different senses is conveyed by a different . When studying the meanings of the , note which of them take direct objects. Finally, keep in mind that these relationships of meaning do not constitute an exact science. There are exceptions to every rule. However, these few exceptions will not hinder your ability to use these rules to improve your vocabulary and comprehension. In this chapter, we will examine the basic meaning(s) of each . Most of the carry several possible meanings; the following are the most common ones, for which you have learned a number of examples. In later chapters, more details of the will be discussed as you learn a greater number of verbs that carry additional meanings. Ѡbasic meaning of In addition to the verbs you know, which carry the basic meaning of their roots, like , , , and so forth, note that most simple adjectives have a corresponding verb and : ѺѠѠto be big ѺѠ ȺȠ 䠺䠬 亠䠬 ѺѠ ϠϠϠ ȠȠ to make or cause (someone or something) to do or be to be near <  to make (s.th.) near(er) to be easy <  to make (s.th.) easy, to facilitate to recall <  to make (s.o.) recall, i.e., to remind (s.o.) ѩ <  to make (s.th.) other, i.e., to change (s.th.) to do to (someone), to involve (someone) in  < 穠 to treat (s.o.) to be far <  to separate, put distance between (two parties) ɩ <  to correspond with (s.o.) 穠 <  to face (s.o.) to make or cause (someone or something) to do or be to get up, be erect <  to make rise, erect; set up (e.g., camp), i.e., dwell, reside, stay to appear <  to make (s.th.) appear, to show, demonstrate to laugh <  to make (s.o.) laugh to happen <  to cause (s.th.) to happen Ѡto rise up, revolt < Ѡ to arouse (s.th.), stir up You may have noticed that and overlap in function to some degree in that both carry causative meanings. The two are oftenbut not always distinguished in usage in one of two ways: (a) is more commonly used in spoken Arabic, whereas is more formal; or, (b) the two may give different shades of meaning derived from the basic . For example: to come, be present to learn of, know to prepare s.th. to bring s.th. to teach s.o. to inform s.o. This overlap does not pose a problem in guessing the meaning of new verbs of these , because the context will clarify the meaning of the used. ) (to make oneself reflexive of Ƞto make near(er) < to make oneself near, draw near to Ѡto change (s.th.) < to change (itself) Ѡto develop (s.th.) < to develop (itself) This may sometimes be translated into an English passive: Ӡto establish < to be established In some cases, the meaning of this is close to that of or , except that it carries a sense of intentionality, urgency, or intensity: Ƞto be absent < to make oneself absent (intentional absence) Ƞto request < to require move (oneself) < to move (oneself) around from place to place ٠to meet < to gather together in a crowd to do between or among each other; reflexive of to move s.th. <  to pass (news) around from one to another to enter <  to enter into each other, i.e., to overlap 䠠to treat (s.o.) < ٩ to treat, deal with each other correspond with < ٩ to correspond with each other 䠠passive of to cut < to become cut off to include < to become included into, i.e., to join As you know, formal Arabic has a grammatical passive, , which is the exact equivalent of the passive voice in English. is usually translated as a passive as well,but its meaning is that the subject does the action itself, without being acted upon by another (implied) agent. For example, from to cut we can derive to be cut (by an implied agent) and ٠to become cut off (no agent). The electricity might become cut off for a number of reasons, but if it was cut off , the implication is that someone did the cutting. Because of the specialized meaning of this , it occurs less frequently than others in formal Arabic. 䠠 for oneself, to oneself to do, act, or have to wash (s.th.) < to wash oneself Рto take (s.th.) <  to take on, take for oneself ٠to collect, gather < to gather together, i.e., to meet 䠠to move (s.th.) < to move (oneself) Ѡto be short < to shorten oneself to, i.e., be limited to 1. to seek, ask for, require to be present < to seek the presence of, i.e., to send for, procure to serve < to seek the service of, i.e., to use ᩠ < to seek as a goal < to seek a bath, i.e., to bathe ȩ < to seek the company of, i.e., to take along 2. reflexive of to prepare < to prepare oneself ٠to give pleasure < ٠ to enjoy oneself, to find pleasure in 栳 Use what you have learned about the meanings of to derive the meaning of the underlined words: ࠠʠɠǠ٠Ǯ ࠠǠǠ֠ʠʠǮ ࠠʠӠǠ ࠠɠѠϮ ࠠǠǠǠ٠ɠ㠮 ࠠʠ ࠠɠʠɠǮ ࠠȠɠҠɠ栮 ࠠȠѠǠɮ ࠠɠǮ ࠠʠǠǠʡ ࠠʠǠɮ ࠠɠɠǠѠprices ࠠǠȠ̠ʠǠϮ ࠠϠҠɠϠǠѠɠ 栴ɺ Form verbs using the information given, complete the sentences, and translate: 亠栠ѠɠǮto enlarge Ѡ ࠠɠǠϠɠɮ נ ࠠǠѠǠʠɠɮ Ԡ ࠠ٠٠Ѡ ֠ ࠠɠɠɠǠǮ ⠫ ࠠӠᮠ Ѡ䩠 䠫 ࠠꬠ٠Ƞɮ 堫 ࠠǠǠʠǠ鮠 栫 ࠠȠʠʠɮ Ϡ ࠠʠࠠɠٮ ͠ ࠠ٠ˠʮ 頫 Ǡ When the words and occur in the same phrase or sentence, they often combine to form an expression meaning roughly what in the way of. This expression is difficult to translate into English because the English equivalent sounds convoluted, whereas the Arabic expression is commonly used and considered to be good style. In the text, you saw the example: ǠǠʠɠwhat (is) on its faade in the way of Quranic verses The sense given by this construction might also be rendered the various Quranic verses on its faade. Note that in this expression serves as a place holder for the noun that follows , which is the most important part of the phrase for understanding its meaning. One way to understand Ǡ constructions is to transform them using ꠨ꬠ . Change the phrase following into a definite one and substitute it for ( then drops). For example: ǠǠʠɠ <Ѡʠɠ The resulting phrase is much easier to translate. Another way to understand this construction is to read the phrase following as the various ... and to then substitute it for . For example: ǠǠʠɠ (the various Quranic verses) 栵 Rephrase the following sentences using ꠯ as in the example: 䠺ʠǠʠϿ<ѠʠϠǿ ࠠɠǠѠɮ ࠠϠѠɠǠʠɮ ࠠǠǠ͠Ǡʮ ࠠϠǠѠϮ ࠠǠǠ٠ʮ 栶 ǠɠǠ ࠠɠѠӠϠ࠮ ࠠ࠮ ࠠɠ࠮ ࠠʠȠʠʠ࠮ ࠠǠɠӠ࠮ ࠠʠȠ࠮ 样נ٠ ǠՠנǠʠʺ Ϡ ɠǠǠԠϠ͠報堮ѠɠǠ嬠ʠʠɠɠǠǠ࠮ Ѡ٠꠬͠Ѡ֠ϠӠǠ宠ϠɠɠǠؠϠ宠ϠϠɠנǠɠɠϠǠ宠 ࠬϠʠɬϠǠϠʠǠʠɠʬȠѠȠȠѠȠ஠נѠȠɠʠɬȠ஠ʠϠӬʠɠɠɠǠʠΠϠ ΠǠˠѠϠɠѠɠǠǠǠѠǠѠϠΠϠʠ࠺ɠʠɠɠɠӠɠР࠮ 核נɠ Ǡՠ  根נ٠ Ǡ ɠ̮ minaret Ϡ̮ temple ǠɠǺ ࠠǠǠ̠Πɠ ࠠʠɠ٠ à Ƞ ࠠѠ̠ ǠɠɠǺ ࠠѠ̠ʠǠ溠 ǠѠ ࠠǠ٠ʠο ࠠǠѠ̠ ʠ Ϡǿ 栰נɠʠ ʠ ȠʠɠǠǠ٠Ϡ٠ꮠʠɬǠʠʠǠʬ àࠠנ ȠࠠʠɠǠנǬ ࠠǠנϠӬ ϠࠠǠѠ䠨Ǡ׿ 栱נ ѠɠǠ Ѡ٬ҠѠɬʠɠɠɠɮɠ㬠ǠѠǠǿȯɠɠǠǠǮ ʠɺ ɠѠ Ǡ ӠȬ䠮 Ǡ 蠯 ɠɠ ǠǠ堘茠ʠנ