ÇäèÍÏÉ ÇäÙÇÔÑÉ UNIT TEN ÈÑÇáè¡ You have now learned all of the symbols used in writing Arabic. The following chart reviews the letters and their names in modern alphabetical order:       ÇäÍÑá ÇäÇÓå  Initial Medial Final Connector? Ç Çäá Ç ààÇ ààÇ ´ È ÈÇÁ Èàà ààÈàà ààÈ   Ö Ê ÊÇÁ Êàà ààÊàà ààÊ   Ö Ë ËÇÁ Ëàà ààËàà ààË   Ö Ì Ìêå Ìàà àÌàà ààÌ   Ö Í ÍÇÁ Íàà ààÍàà àààÍ   Ö Î ÎÇÁ Îàà ààÎàà ààÎ   Ö Ï ÏÇä Ï ààÏ ààÏ   ´ Ð ÐÇä Ð ààÐ ààÐ   ´ Ñ ÑÇÁ Ñ ààÑ ààÑ   ´ Ò ÒÇê Ò ààÒ ààÒ   ´ Ó Óêæ Óàà ààÓàà ààÓ   Ö Ô Ôêæ Ôàà ààÔàà ààÔ   Ö Õ ÕÇÏ Õàà ààÕàà ààÕ   Ö Ö ÖÇÏ Öàà ààÖàà ààÖ   Ö × ×ÇÁ ×àà àà×àà àà×   Ö Ø ØÇÁ Øàà ààØàà ààØ   Ö Ù Ùêæ Ùàà ààÙàà ààÙ   Ö Ú Úêæ Úàà ààÚàà ààÚ   Ö á áÇÁ áàà ààáàà ààá   Ö â âÇá âàà ààâàà ààâ   Ö ã ãÇá ãàà ààãàà ààã   Ö ä äÇå äàà ààäàà ààä   Ö å åêå åàà ààåàà ààå   Ö æ æèæ æàà ààæàà ààæ   Ö çà çÇÁ çàà ààçàà ààç   Ö è èÇè è ààè ààè   ´ ê êÇÁ êàà ààêàà àê   Ö This alphabetical order is used in modern dictionaries; you must know it to look up words. Start memorizing now, a few letters at a time. The next chart reviews the extra-alphabetical symbols that you have learned: symbol ÇäÇÓå symbol ÇäÇÓå àî áîÊÍÉ Â èîÕäÉ àï ÖîåñÉ Â Ãäðá åîÏñÉ àð ãîÓÑÉ à§ dagger alif àò Óïãèæ é Ãîäðá åîâÕèÑÉ Á çîåÒÉ àëÇ Êîæèêæ ÇäáÊÍ àñ ÔîÏñÉ àì Êîæèêæ ÇäÖîåñ É ÊÇÁ åîÑÈè×É àí Êæèêæ ÇäãÓÑ Listening Exercise 1.  Surprise! Listen to the tape. Drill 1. Listed below are names of some Arab authors you need to include in a bibliography. Alphabetize them according to the Arabic alphabet. Disregard Çäà . ÚàïÑîêàðñÈ ÇäÎèÑê ÈÓÇ× ÙîèîÖ åï×ÑÇæ åïàçîàæàñÇ èîçÈîç ÙîÈÏ ÇäÑñÇÒðâ ÇäÚÇæàðå æÇÏðÑ ÇäÙðæÏÇÑê ÌîàáàñÇä ÕÇÈàðÑ ÇäÓñîæçèÑê ÇäÎîàäêàä ÇäÎÇäðÏê Õîáêñ ÇäÏñêæ ÇäâÇÓðå ÏîÑèêÔ ÇäãàîêñÇäê ÇäÏñïÓèâê ÇäâîÈñÇæê ÇäÓñîåñÇæ ÇäÔñîêòÎ One-Letter Particles Particles and prepositions that consist of only one letter are written connected to the following word. The most common of these are: è and äààð for, belong to (indicates possession) Èààð by, with (indicates instrument) áîàà thus, therefore, so Remember: äàà , Èàà , and áàà are all connecting letters and so are attached to the following word. Since the letter è does not connect, it must be written close to the following word, and should never be left ÒstrandedÓ at the end of a line. äðàäàà <Ñ äðà  «  Çäàà When the preposition äàð is written with a word beginning with Çäà , a spelling rule prescribes that alif is dropped, and the two äà's are connected. For example, to write preposition äà with noun Çä×ÇäÈ , belonging to the student, drop the alif of Çäà and write preposition äà connected to the äà of Çä×ÇäÈ like this: äàäà×ÇäàÈ . Drill 2. Practice connecting è , äà , and È  in the following phrases:   ±à ÇæÇ «  è  « ÇæÊ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà (you and I)   ²à Èà  «  ÇäÅæÌäêÒêÉ  ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà (in English)   ³à äà  «  ÇäÏãÊèÑ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà  (for the doctor)   ´à Èà  «  ÇäÙÑÈêÉ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà  (in Arabic)   µà è  «  ÍÖÑÊã¿  ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà  (and you?)   ¶à äà  «  ÇäÃÓÊÇÐ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà  (for the teacher)   ·à Èà  «  ÇäãåÈêèÊÑ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà  (with computers)   ¸à Èà  «  ÇäÓêÇÑÉ  ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà  (by car)   ¹à äà  «  ÇäÈæÊ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà (for the girl) °±à äà  «  ÇäèäÏ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà (for the boy) Drill 3. Not all occurrences of word-initial è , Èà , äà , or áà are occurrences of these particles, but many are, and so you should be on the lookout for them. For practice, skim the text and circle all words that look like they begin with äà , è , Èà or áà : Justification of Margins In type or print, margins may be justified or evened by lengthening the connecting segment between letters. This may be done between any two connecting letters; it does not affect the reading of the word at all. For example, ÇäãÊÇÈ may be written: ÇäãààààààÊÇÈ or ÇäãÊààààààÇÈ . Do not confuse this lengthening, which occurs only in print, with that of toothless Óà (àààààààà), which occurs only in handwriting. Drill 4. Circle all examples of margin justification you can find in the following poem: Óîààâáï ÈàêàÊàê ÍîàÏêààààÏò Ñïãàààæï ÈàààêàÊàê ÍîàÌààÑò áààÇÙòàÕàáàê êààÇ ÑêààààÇÍ  èÇæàààÊàÍàðÈò êààÇ ÔààÌÑò èÇÓààòÈÍààê êààÇ Úààêàààèåò  èÇçàà×àðäê ÈààÇäàåààà×àÑò èÇâààòàÕàáàê êààÇ ÑÙààààèÏò  äààÓàÊï ÃîÎààÔé Îàà×îÑò Óààâàáï ÈàêÊàê ÍàààÏêàààÏò Ñïãàààæï ÈàêàÊàê ÍàààÌààÑò åæ âÕêÏÉ ¢ Çä×åÃæêæÉ ¢ äåêÎÇÆêä æÙêåÉ  Drill 5. The following is the solution to an Arabic crossword puzzle. Connect the letters in this puzzle to form words (ignore single letters): Horizontal   ±à   ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà (two words)  » ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà   ²à   àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà  »  ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà  »  ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà   ³à   àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà  »  ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà »  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà  » àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà   ´à   àààààààààààààààààààà  »  àààààààààààààààààààààà »  ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà  »  ààààààààààààààààààà » àààààààààààààààààààààààààà   µà   ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà » ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà  »  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà » àààààààààààààààààà   ¶à   ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà » àààààààààààààààààà » àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà »  ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà   ·à   ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà » àààààààààààààààààààààà » àààààààààààààààààààààààà »  ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà Vertical   ±à   ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ±±à   àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà   ²à   ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ²±à   àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà   ³à   ààààààààààààààààààààààààà » ààààààààààààààààààààààààà ³±à   àààààààààààààààààààààààà » ààààààààààààààààààààààààààà   ´à   ààààààààààààààààààààààààà » ààààààààààààààààààààààààà ´±à   àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà   µà   ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà µ±à   àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà   ¶à   àààààààààààààààààààààààààà » àààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ¶±à   ààààààààààààààààààààààààà » àààààààààààààààààààààààààà   ·à   àààààààààààààààààààààààààà » àààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ·±à   ààààààààààààààààààààààààà » àààààààààààààààààààààààààà   ¸à   ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ¸±à   ààààààààààààààààààààààààà » àààààààààààààààààààààààààà   ¹à   ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ¹±à   àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà °±à   ààààààààààààààààààààààààà » àààààààààààààààààààààààààà °²à   àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà Drill 6. Read and learn the following expressions that we will be using in class: èÇÌàðÈ homework ÊàîåòÑêàæ drill ÏîÑÓ lesson æàîÕñ text ÕàîáàòÍàÉ page ãàîäàðåàÉ word ÙæÏê ÓïÄÇä   I have a question      êÇ ÇÓÊÇС  ÙæÏê ÓÄÇä® åÇ áàîçàðåàòÊ   I did not understand      åÇ áçåÊ çÐç ÇäãäåÉ¡ äÇ ÃîÙÑðá   I don't know      äÇ ÃÙÑá çÐç ÇäãäåÉ ® ãàîêá æàîâàèä ®®®¿   How do we say..?      ãêá æâèä  ÒI forgotÓ  ÈÇäÙÑÈêÉ¿ ÔàïãàÑëÇ Ñ ÙàîáèëÇ   Thank youÑYouÕre welcome åàðæ áàîÖàäààîðã   Please åàîÑñÉ ËàÇæàêÉ ¬ åæ áÖäã¡  A second time, once more (to request repetition) Handwriting As you have been learning throughout this workbook, Arabic handwriting exhibits some variations from the printed form. In addition, handwriting itself varies according to individual style. With practice, you will gradually learn to recognize various handwriting styles and conventions. Drill 7. Read as much as you can of the following handwriting samples. Look for familiar words and try to guess new ones from context. What observations can you make about the variation of letters in handwriting styles? After reading, write a similar passage providing information about yourself. Sample I: Sample II: Sample III: Culture ÇäËâÇáÉ Development of the Arabic Writing System The Arabic writing system is believed to have evolved from the Aramaic script through the Nabateans, Arab tribes living to the north of the Arabian Peninsula (present-day Jordan) in pre-Islamic times. This early version of Arabic script survives in inscriptions dating back to the third and fourth centuries A.D., which represent the earliest known of many stages of development. Although writing was known in the Arabian Peninsula before Islam, it was the early Muslims who developed the script that we know today, in order to preserve the text of the Quran by putting it down in writing. Tradition holds that the first compilation of the Quran was recorded during the reign of Uthman ¨ÙïËåÇæ©, the third Caliph (d. A.D. 656). Even then, though, the script was not complete, for surviving fragments show text devoid of short vowel markings and dots, as the following sample shows:  The addition of short vowel markings began during the reign of Ali ¨Ùäê©, the fourth Caliph (d. A.D. 661), and the dots that distinguish between letters of similar shape were added during Umayyad rule, around the end of the seventh century. Further development of the individual shapes of letters occurred at the beginning of the Abbasid period (from A.D. 750). Calligraphy Calligraphy is a highly developed art form. Since the time of the earliest script form you saw above, called Kufic, artists have continuously developed new styles and designs. Quranic verses, poetry, and proverbs written in intricate scripts often adorn books, monuments, and public buildings. Professional calligraphers combine form and meaning by working Quranic verses into pictures such that the letters and dots form a design. Below are four artistic renderings of the phrase ÈàðÓå Çääç ÇäÑîÍåæ ÇäÑîÍêå   (In the Name of God the Merciful and Compassionate) See how many letters you can pick out in each sample: Following are names and examples of well-known calligraphic scripts:  Drill 8. Following are advertisements in different script styles. Copy them out in your own handwriting: À Êåñ ÈÍåÏ Çääç À