ÇäèÍÏÉ ÇäËÇæêÉ
UNIT TWO


Ì       Í       Î
ààò            è           ê



	In this unit you will learn three more consonants, more about the letters è and ê , and the symbol that indicates the absence of a short vowel.  Two of the three consonant sounds have no English equivalent.  Learn to pronounce them properly now, and practice to develop the muscles you use to pronounce these sounds.  Try to spend five or ten minutes, three times a day, practicing these sounds with the tape.  
	The three consonants in the first line of the box above represent the next three letters in the alphabet after Ë .  Just as È , Ê , and Ë share the same skeletal shape and are distinguished by the number and position of the dots, so these three letters have the same basic shapes, but are distinguished by their dots.  


       Ì            ÒjiimÓ


	This letter has three different pronunciations that vary according to region in the Arab world.  In the Arabian Peninsula and the Gulf, it is pronounced like j  in jack or dg  in bridge.  In most of the Levant and North Africa, it is pronounced like the French j  in bonjour (a sound often represented in English by s as in pleasure or decision).  In Cairo, it is pronounced like the hard g  in game.  
Listening Exercise 1.  
 
	Listen to the following words on tape as they are pronounced each way in turn:  
	ÌÇÈàðÑ 	ÊÇÌ	ÌàïÈ	ÏîÌÇÌ	ÊàïÌêÈ

	It is important to learn to recognize all three pronunciations of Ì , but choose one to use when speaking.


Writing
Ì           Ìà          àÌà           àÌ


	As the initial and medial shapes of this letter suggest, Ì is a connector.  To write Ì alone, start at a point well above the line, make a small hook, then draw a line straight across, then change direction and swing down well below the line into the tail.  Follow the arrows and imitate the shape that you see:







	To write Ì in initial position, begin with the hook as you did above, then slant down toward the line into a point just above the line, and then, instead of curving down into the tail, continue into the connecting segment as shown:







	Now practice writing the word  ÌÇÈ :






	When this letter is connected on both sides, it takes the following shape in printed text:  àÌà as in  ÊàÌêÈ .  However, it is not written this way by hand.  To write this letter in the middle of a word, you must plan ahead, because the connecting segment lies well above the line, at the highest point of this letter.  This means that you need to end the previous letter above the line.  In the following example, the combination ÊÌà is written by starting  and drawing the Êà completely above the line into the àÌà .  Copy the word ÊÌêÈ as it is written here:







	In word-final position, Ì takes the same tail it has independently.  Notice that, to reach the starting point of final àÌ , a connecting segment is drawn from the line up and then over as the example shows.  Copy the word ÈêÌ as it is written here:








Drill 1.  
   
	Dictation.
	1.  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà				4.  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà	
	2.  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà				5.  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà	
	3.  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà				6.  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà


        Í             ÒHaaÓ


	This letter represents a sound that is pronounced deep in the throat.  It has no equivalent in English.  First, take a few minutes to become better acquainted with some of your throat muscles that you use often, but not to speak English.  The following exercises are designed to make you aware of what these muscles can already do, so that you can use them to speak Arabic.  Practice them for a few minutes every day, as often as you can.

Exercise 1. With your mouth closed, block off your windpipe at your throat.  Put your hand on your throat at the Adam's apple and constrict the muscles on the inside.  You should be able to feel the muscles contracting.  Alternately tighten and relax them for a few minutes.  

Exercise 2. Repeat this with your mouth open.  Try to breathe out through your mouthÑif you can, you are not closing off the windpipe entirely.  

Exercise 3. Constrict those same muscles so that air can just barely squeeze through your throat.  Imitate someone fogging a pair of glasses to clean them.  By now, you should be aware of what your throat muscles are doing.  

Exercise 4. Bend your head down so that your chin rests on the top of your chest, and repeat Exercise 3.  This position should make it easier for you to feel what you are doing.

	Pronouncing Í takes practice, first to pronounce the letter alone, and then to pronounce it surrounded by other letters in a word.  You must learn to pronounce it properly to be understood, and at first, this will take some concentration on your part.  However, the more you practice now, the sooner you will be able to say it easily.

Listening Exercise 2.  

	Listen to the sound of Í in various positions and imitate:
ÍàîÈêàÈ	ÈàîÍË	ÊîÈèÍ	ÍÇä	ÍàïÏèÏ	ÕîÈÇÍ



Writing
Íàà          àÍà           àÍ        ÊÍ


	Like Ì ,  Í is a connector.  It is written exactly like Ì , except that it has no dot.  Practice writing initial Í in the male name ÍîÈêÈ :







	Now practice writing and pronouncing medial àÍà in ÊîàÍàÊ (below).  Remember to plan ahead and write the preceding letter above the line so that you can begin Íà from above.  Copy:






	Final àÍ is written with the tail.  Copy the word ÊàïÈêàÍ :







Drill  2.  
    
	Dictation.
	1.  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà				4.  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà
	2.  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà				5.  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà
	3.  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà				6.  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà
         Î         ÒkhaaÓ


	The sound of this letter is found in many European languages:  the Russian x, the Scottish pronunciation of loch, and German ch as pronounced after a back vowel as in Bach.  Some people use this sound to say yech!  To pronounce Î, say k and pay attention to where the back of your tongue hits the back of the roof of your mouth and blocks your windpipe.  Instead of closing off the windpipe with the back of your tongue completely, block it part way, and you will produce this sound.  
Listening Exercise 3.  

	Listen to and repeat these words containing Î :
	ÎÇÈ	ÈîÎêä 	 ÈÇÎ	ÈîÎÊ	 ÊîÎÊê	  áîÑÎ


Writing
Π         Îà           àÎà          àÎ


	Î is a connector, and its shapes are written exactly as those of Ì and Í, except that it takes one dot above.  Practice writing initial Î in the word ÎÇÈ , saying it as you write:







	Practice writing and pronouncing medial Î in ÈîÎÊ (luck):






	Now practice final Î by copying the word ÈîàÎ :







Drill  3.  

	You will hear twelve words, each containing  Ì , Í , or Î .  Write the letter you hear in each word:
	1.  ààààààààààààà	5.  ààààààààààààà	  9.  ààààààààààààà
	2.  ààààààààààààà	6.  ààààààààààààà	10.  ààààààààààààà
	3.  ààààààààààààà	7.  ààààààààààààà	11.  ààààààààààààà
	4.  ààààààààààààà	8.  ààààààààààààà	12.  ààààààààààààà

Drill  4.  
 
	Connect the following letters to form words, then listen to the words on tape and mark in the short vowels where you hear them:  
	1.  ______________________________	=	Π« Ç « È « Ê
	2.  ______________________________	=	 Í « Ì « Ç « È
	3.  ______________________________	=	Í « È « ê « È
	4.  ______________________________	=	Ê « Î « è « Ê
	5.  ______________________________	=	 Ê « Ì « è « È
	6.  ______________________________	=	È « Í « è « Ë
	7.  ______________________________	=	Ê « È « è« Í « ê
	8.  ______________________________	=	Í « Ì « È « Ê

Drill  5.  
    
	Dictation.
	1.  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà				4.  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà	
	2.  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà				5.  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà	
	3.  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà				6.  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà


Drill  6.  
   
	Read these words aloud (read across from right to left).  Pay special attention to vowel length and the sounds Í and Î .
	ÊàîÍàÊàÇÌ	ÌÇÈê	ÍàîÌ
	ÍàðÌàÇÈ	ÌàïÈàîÈ	ÍàÇÌ
	ÌàÇÈàîÊ	ÎàÇÈ	ÍàïÈ
	ÈàÇÍàðË	ÊàïÌàÇÈ	ÈàïÍ
	ÌàêàÈàèÊàê	ÊàïÎèÊ	ÎèÌÇ




      ààò               ÒsukuunÓ

	This symbol is a pronunciation marker that indicates the absence of a short vowel.  So far, you have learned to use fatHa, Damma, and kasra over consonants to indicate the short vowels, and consonants not followed by a vowel have been left Òblank.Ó  In fully vowelled texts, however, all consonants have at least one marking, even if no vowel occurs, because there is a special symbol to indicate the absence of a vowel.  This symbol is called sukuun (meaning silence).  
Listening Exercise  4.  

	Listen and repeat:
   ÊîàÍòàÊ                  ÈàîÎàòÊ                  ÊîÍòàÌàïÈ                  ÊîàÎàòàÊ                  ÊàîÍàòÊÇÌ
Writing
ààò


	Like the short vowel symbols, the sukuun is rarely used in unvowelled or partially vowelled texts.  When it is written, it appears as a small open circle above a letter not followed by a vowel.  In writing sukuun, make sure to draw a circle and not a Damma or a dot.  Practice writing the sukuun by copying the examples:







        è            ÒwaawÓ

	In Unit One, you learned that è represents the long vowel sound "oo."  It also has a second function, related to the first one:  when preceded or followed by a long or short vowel, this letter is pronounced w as in well, or as in the name of the letter:  èÇè Òwaaw.Ó  To understand how these two sounds are related, pronounce oo and hold it oooooooooo then go right into a.  You will hear a w sound connecting the two vowels.  At the beginning of a word, è will always be pronounced w, because Arabic words cannot begin with a vowel.  Remember:  any vowel, short or long, preceding or following è turns it into a consonant. 
Listening Exercise 5.  

	Listen to and repeat the following words containing è  as a consonant:
èîËàîÈî	      èÇÌàðÈ	       ÒîèÇÌ      	ÌàîèÇÈ 	    ÍðàèÇÑ	    ÎàÇèê

	Just as w occurs in diphthongs in English, so does è in Arabic.  However, Arabic has only one diphthong with è , which is îàè  (è preceded by a fatHa).  The sound of this combination is similar to the sound spelled ow in mow or know (not the same as ow in crowd).  Do not confuse pronunciation and spelling; there are several different diphthong sounds in English and their spellings overlap.  

	In unvowelled texts, this diphthong is usually not indicated; however, it may be indicated by a fatHa on the preceding letter or a sukuun on è or both.  The following are three different ways of vocalizing the word ÎèÎ (peach):  
	ÎîèòÎ	½	ÎèòÎ	½	ÎîèÎ

The sukuun alone can indicate this sound because it can only occur on consonants, so if you see àèò ,  you know that the letter is functioning as a consonant, and that a vowel precedes it.  In such a case, the vowel must be a fatHa .
Listening Exercise 6.  

	Listen to the sound of the diphthong àîè in the following words and repeat: 
   ËàîèÈ	   ÒîèÌ 	   ÊàîèÈêàÎ		ÎàîèÎ		   Íàîèä	     Îàîèá


Drill  7.   

	Copy the following words, sounding them out as you write.  Check your pronunciation against the tape.  
ÎÇÈ 	     ÎàîèÎ	      ÊîàÈàèêàÈ		ÊàîÍàÊàÇÌ	   ËàîèÇÈ	    ÒîèÌ








          ê          ÒyaaÓ


	The long vowel ê also functions as a consonant at the beginning of a word, or when preceded or followed by a vowel:  it is pronounced like y  in yes.  Say eeeeeeee and go right into a and you will hear yourself say y.  
Listening Exercise 7.  

	Practice reading the following words containing the consonant  ê with the tape:
  ÈïàêàèÊ 	  	 ËðàêàÇÈ     	        ÌïàêàèÈ 	               êàîÌàðÈ   	             êàîËèÈ
	

	When ê is preceded by a fatHa and followed by sukuun, it forms a diphthong that is pronounced like ay as in say, or, if near emphatic letters, like i in ice.  The sukuun alone may be written on ê to indicate this diphthong, or the fatHa may be used, or both sukuun and fatHa.  The following are three different ways of vocalizing the word ÈêÊ (house):
	ÈîàêòàÊ 	=	ÈêòÊ	½	ÈîêÊ

The sukuun alone can indicate these diphthongs because it can only occur on consonants, so if you see   êàò ,  you know that the letter is functioning as a consonant, and that a vowel precedes it.  In this case, the vowel must be a fatHa .
Listening Exercise 8.  

	Listen to the sound of the diphthong àîêà  in these words and repeat:
  ÍîàêàË		ÎàîêàÑ		       ÌàîêàÈ     	       ÈîàêàÊ      	     Èàîêàæ


Drill  8.  
  
	Copy the following words while sounding them out.  Then check your pronunciation against the tape.  
ËðàêàÇÈ		ÍàîêÇÊê 		ÌàïêàèÈàê	       ÈàïêàèÊ		êîÍòàÌïàÈ







Drill  9.   
   
	Read these words aloud (across from right to left):
	ÌàîèÇÈ  	ÌàîèÇÈààÇÊ	ÈàîÍàòË	èÇÌàðÈàÇÊ
	ÍàîÈàêàÈàê	ÍàîÈàêàÈàîÊàê	ËàîèÇÈ	ÌàîêàòÈê
	êàîÌàðÈ	ÍàîêàòË	ÈàïêàèÊ	ÊàïÌàêàÈê
	èïÌàèÈ	ÎàÇÈî	ÈàîêàÊàê	ÌàïêàèÈ
	ÌàïàËàîàË	ÊàîÈàèÍàê	êàîÎàòàÊ	ËðàêàÇÈàê
Drill 10.    
  
	Connect the following letters to form words.  Then listen to the words on tape and write in all the short vowels that you hear. 
	Ì « Ç « È « Ê			½		ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà	1.
	Í « Ì « È				½		àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà	2.
	Π« è « Î 				½		àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà	3.
	Ë « ê « Ç « È « ê			½		àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà	4.
	Ì « ê « È « è « Ê « ê		½		àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà	5.
	Í « È « ê « È « Ê « ê		½		àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà	6.
	È « Í « è « Ë			½		àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà	7.
	è « Ç « Ì « È « Ç « Ê		½		àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà	8.
	È « ê « è « Ê			½		àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà	9.
	Ì « ê « è « È			½		àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà	10.


Drill  11.  
   
	Dictation.  
1.	ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà		4.	ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà
2.	ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà		5.	ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà
3.	ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà		6.	ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà


Drill  12.         
	Read the following advertisements:







































       åæ ÌÑêÏÉ ÇäÔÑâ ÇäÇèÓ׬ ³¹¹± 




Culture	ÇäËâÇáÉ    


 Video
	Watch Scenes 3, 4, and 5 on the video tape with your teacher.  


Meeting and Greeting People

	In Arab culture, it is considered rude not to say good morning, good evening, or hello to someone you know, even casually, the first time you see them each day.  In addition, when you enter a room, you should greet people already there whether or not you know them.  

	In social situations, it is polite to shake hands upon meeting or greeting another person, especially someone of the same gender.  Some people do not shake hands with members of the opposite sex; this is a matter of personal preference or religious belief.  Close friends of the same gender often greet each other by kissing on both cheeks.  


ÇäèÍÏÉ ÇäËÇäËÉ
UNIT THREE


Ã
Ï        Ð        Ñ        Ò



	In this unit you will learn about the second function of alif and the next four consonants in the alphabet.


       Ã          ÒhamzaÓ

	In Unit Two you saw that è and ê sometimes function as consonants.  Remember that they always function as consonants at the beginning of a word.  The letter Ç can also represent a consonant sound when it occurs at the beginning of a word.  The consonant that it stands for is called hamza; you can see its shape on top of the alif in the box above.  Initial hamza is often, but not always, written on top of the alif that represents it.  Thus, it may appear as Ç or as à .  Remember:  initial alif  is always a seat for hamza, never a long vowel.

	Hamza is a sound you make in English all the timeÑevery time you say a word that begins with a vowel, in factÑbut you do not recognize it as a consonant because English has no letter for it.  Say uh-oh several times and pay attention to the sound you make in between the two syllables.  You make the same sound when you pronounce any word that begins with a vowel, such as our, if, it, I, on, up.  Say these out loud, and pay attention to the ÒcatchÓ in your throat as you pronounce the first vowel.  This sound is not written out in English, which treats these words as if they began with a vowel.  In Arabic, however, this sound is considered to be a consonant.  Remember:  in Arabic, no word or syllable begins with a vowel, short or long.  The consonant hamza must precede all initial vowel sounds.  

	Hamza occurs not only at the beginning, but also in the middle or at the end of a word.  Practice hamza by saying uh-oh until you can say it effortlessly, then do the following listening exercises on tape.  
Listening Exercise 1.  

	Practice saying hamza by listening to and repeating these words:
  ÃîÎîèÇÊ 		ÃîÈ		      ÓîàÈîàà   		      ÊîàÃÊîàà        	     ÈîÃÓ

	Hamza has no place of its own in the alphabet, for historical reasons that involve Quranic spelling.  Tradition holds that the dialect of Mecca which the Prophet Muhammed spoke did not have this sound, and therefore it was not written when the Quran was first recorded in script.  The symbol for the hamza was developed, along with the short vowel markings, at a later date.  This is why hamza is treated as a pronunciation marker rather than as part of the alphabet, and why hamza has several different Òspellings,Ó depending on its position in the word and the vowel sounds surrounding it.  In this unit you will learn the two most common spellings, Ã and Á .
	At the beginning of a word hamza is represented by alif, either  Ç or Ã .  The alif is considered to be the ÒseatÓ of the hamza in this case.  
Listening Exercise 2.  

	Listen to initial hamza in following words on tape and repeat:
     ÃîÈ  		 ÃîÊàîÊ		      ÃîÎ		      ÃîÎàîèÇÊ			 ÃîËàÇË   

	The words above all begin with hamza followed by the vowel fatHa.  In addition, the other short vowels may appear in this position; that is, à serves as a seat for Damma and kasra as well.  Note that when the initial vowel is kasra, the hamza is often written underneath the alif, as in:  ÅðËÈÇÊ .  Remember:  while Ç and à can carry the kasra,  Å always indicates a kasra vowel.
Listening Exercise 3.  

	Listen to initial hamza with vowels Damma and kasra and repeat:
    ÅðÈòÍÇÑ	      ÃïïÎàòÊ		ÅðËàòÈÇÊ     	ÃïÎàòÑðÌî		ÅððÎàòÈÇÑ   	    ÃïïËÈàðÊî

	In fully vocalized texts, the short vowel will be marked.  In unvocalized texts, you will see only the consonant skeleton.  To read an unvocalized word correctly, you need to know it, or make an educated guess based on knowledge of Arabic word patterns (this will become clear later on).  Learn to associate the pronunciation of each new vocabulary item with its consonant frame, the same way you associate certain pronunciations in English with certain spellings (think of neighbor and weigh, taught and caught).  In your native language, you read by word, not by syllable; it is important to develop this same skill in Arabic.

Writing
à            Á

	The actual shape of the hamza, shown above, is a small c-shape that continues into a line on the bottom.  At the beginning of a word, it is always written on alif, or the alif alone may represent it.  When it occurs in the middle of a word, it may be written on any one of the long vowels like this:  Ã , Ä , or Æ , depending on the surrounding vowels.  You will learn these other spellings of hamza later.  When hamza occurs after a long vowel at the end of a word, it is usually written on the line, without a seat, in which case it is somewhat larger in size.  Following the arrows, copy and practice the shape of independent hamza: 







Listening Exercise  4.    
   
	The names of many letters of the alphabet end in hamza.  Listen to and repeat the names of letters you have learned:
    ÈÇÁ		       ÊÇÁ 		     ËÇÁ   	 	     ÍÇÁ    	 	     ÎÇÁ

Practice writing final hamza by copying these names, pronouncing them as you write:





	Now practice writing the initial hamza on alif by copying the words ÃîÎ (brother), ÃïÎÊ (sister), and ÅðËÈÇÊ (proof):









Drill 1.    

	You will hear twelve words.  Write  Á  for each word in which you hear it:
	1.  ààààààààààààà	5.  ààààààààààààà	  9.  ààààààààààààà
	2.  ààààààààààààà	6.  ààààààààààààà	10.  ààààààààààààà
	3.  ààààààààààààà	7.  ààààààààààààà	11.  ààààààààààààà
	4.  ààààààààààààà	8.  ààààààààààààà	12.  ààààààààààààà


Drill 2.   
   
	Dictation.  
	1.  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà	4.  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà
	2.  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà	5.  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà
	3.  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà	6.  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà



      Ï             ÒdaalÓ

	This consonant is pronounced like a clear, frontal d in English, as in the word dentist (not like the d sound in puddle).  Pay particular attention to your pronunciation of medial and final Ï , and to the surrounding vowel sounds, which should be frontal in quality (remember a in bad and e in bet).  
Listening Exercise  5.   

	Listen to and repeat the following words containing Ï :
	ÏîÌàÇÌ		ÎàïÏèÏ 		ÍàïÏèÏ		ÌàîÏêàÏ		ÃîÏîÈ		ÃîÍàòÏÇË


Writing
Ï           Ï           àÏ            àÏ


	The letter Ï is a nonconnector, so it does not connect to any letter that follows it.  To write initial Ï , begin well above the line, and slant down as shown below.  Just before hitting the line, angle sharply and finish along the line into a tiny hook.  In handwriting, the exact shape and slant of this letter vary slightly according to individual style; the important components are the acute angle and that the body remain above the line.  Copy, following the arrows:







To write Ï when it is connected to a previous letter in medial or final position, begin from the connecting segment, draw the top half of the letter from the line up, then trace your line back down, make a sharp angle as before, and finish.  When connected from the previous letter, the top half of the angle tends to have a slightly different shape because of the connecting segment.  Copy:








Now practice by copying the words ÏîÌÇÌ (chicken) and ÌîÏêÏ (new):











     Ð          ÒdhaalÓ

	In Unit One, you learned to distinguish between the sound th in three, represented in Arabic by the letter Ë, and the sound th in the word other.  The letter Ð represents the other sound (pun intendedÑremember it this way!).  
Listening Exercise 6.  

	Listen and repeat:
   ÐïÈÇÈ		ÐÇÊ		ÈîÐîÑî		ÎàïР		ÍàîÐÇÑð		ÊàîÐÈàòÐïÈ

Writing
Р          Ð           ààР          ààÐ

	The letter Ð is a non-connector, and is written just like Ï , except that it takes a single dot above.  Like Ï , it does not connect to a following letter, and has only two forms, initial/independent and medial/final.  Practice the initial/independent form by copying ÐïÈÇÈ (flies):







	Practice writing the medial/final form by copying ÎàïÐ (take!): 







	Now copy and read aloud these words:
	ÐÇÊ			ÐîèÇÊ			ÌîÐñÇÈ			ÃîÎîàÐî





Drill 3.  
   
	You will hear twelve words on tape, each containing either Ð or Ë .  Circle the sound you hear in each word:
	1.	Ë	Ð		5.	Ë	Ð		  9.	Ë	Ð
	2.	Ë	Ð		6.	Ë	Ð		10.	Ë	Ð
	3.	Ë	Ð		7.	Ë	Ð		11.	Ë	Ð
	4.	Ë	Ð		8.	Ë	Ð		12.	Ë	Ð

Drill 4.  

	Read the following words aloud, paying particular attention to the pronunciation of Ë and Ð .  
		1.	  ÐÇÈî					5.	 ËîèÇÈ
		2.	  ËÇÈî					6.	 ÐîèÇÊ
		3.	ÐïÈÇÈ					7.	ÌïàËîàË
		4.	ËîÈÇÊ					8.	 ÌÇÐðÈ
Drill 5.  

	You will hear eight words.  For each, write the missing letter in the blank:
		1.	Êàî àààààà èÈ				5.	  àààààààà èÈê
		2.	   Îàïàèî ààààààà				6.	 Ìîà àààààààà È
		3.	  ààààààààà ÇÊ				7.	Ãààààààà Ç àààààààà
		4.	àààààààà èÇÈ				8. 	  Îàï àààààààà ê



        Ñ         ÒraaÓ

	This is the name of the Arabic r.  It is a flap, like the Spanish or Italian r.  You already know how to make this sound:  it is the sound American English speakers make saying gotta as in gotta go.  Say gotta several times in a row very quickly and pay attention to what your tongue is doing.  You should feel it flapping against the roof of your mouth behind your teeth.  Now pronounce the sound alone.  Another good exercise is to practice making a whirring sound:  rrrrrrrrrrr.   Do these exercises daily until you have mastered this sound.  
Listening Exercise 7.   

	Practice saying Ñ by repeating the following words.  Notice that Ñ usually deepens the quality of alif and fatHa so that they sound deep like a in father .  
    ÑîÈàÇÈ  	    ÑïÏèÏ		ÎîÑÇÌ		  ÊàîÈàòÑêàÑ	    ÌàÇÑ	   èïÑèÏ


Writing
Ñ           Ñ           àÑ           àÑ


	This letter is a nonconnector, and is written almost entirely below the line.  You will see that the exact angle and shape of the Ñ vary somewhat in handwriting and print styles, but it may be distinguished from Ï by its wide angle and its long tail that dips well below the line (remember that Ï rests on the line).  To write initial Ñ ,  begin on the line and curve downwards below it.  Imitate the shape in the example:








	To write àÑ connected from a previous letter, start from the connecting segment on the line, then curve down.  Copy:







Drill 6.  
	Copy and sound out the following words:
 ÈîàÑòÏ	ÎàïÑèÌ 	ÑÇÌàê	ÈÇÑðÏ	ÊàîÍàÑêàÑ	ÌàèÑÌ	êîàÑèÍ





          Ò                ÒzaayÓ


	This consonant corresponds to the English sound z in zebra.  

Listening Exercise  8.  

	Read the following words containing the sound Ò along with the tape:
  ÒîèòÌ   	     ÃîÍòÒÇÈ    	         ÒïÌÇÌ 	          êàîÒèÑ	           ÌàîèÇÒ 	            ÊàîÒêàÏ


Writing
Ò           Ò           àÒ           àÒ


	The letter Ò is a nonconnector, and has the same shape as Ñ , except that it takes one dot above.  Using the same techniques you used for Ñ , practice writing and reading initial/independent Ò by copying:







	Copy àÒ in medial and final position:







	Now copy and sound out the following female and male names:
  ª   èîÏÇÏ                     ÈïÏèÑ                   ÑîÈàÇÈ                      ÊÇÌ                 ÑîÌàÇÁ  





  Á   ÒîêàÏ                   ÈàîÏÑ                   ÒÇêàðÏ                   ÍàÇÑðË                    ÏêÈ  







Drill 7.  
  
	Connect the letters to form words, then listen to them on tape and write in the short vowels as you hear them:
	Ñ « Ð « Ç « Ð 	½	àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà  1.
	Π« Ç « Ï « Ñ	½	àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà  2.
	Ò « Ñ « Ï	½	àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà  3.
	Í « Ñ « è « È	½	àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà  4.
	Ñ « Ì « Ç « Á	½	àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà  5.
	È « Í « Ç « Ñ 	½	àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà  6.
	à« Ò « è « Ç « Ì	½	àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà  7.
	Í « Ï « è « Ï 	½	àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà  8.
	Ñ « Ï « è « Ï	½	àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà  9.
	Ê « Í « Ð « ê « Ñ	½	àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà  10.
	à« Ï « è « Ç « Ñ	½	àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà  11.
	ê « Î « Ñ « Ì	½	àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà  12.
	Ê « Ì « Ç « Ñ « È	½	àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà  13.	Р« È « Í « Ê	½	àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà  14.

Drill 8.    
   
	Dictation.
	1.   àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà				  6.   àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà
	2.   àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà				  7.   àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà
	3.   àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà				  8.   àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà
	4.   àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà				  9.   àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà
	5.   àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà				10.  àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà

Drill 9.  
	Read the following words aloud:
	ÏÇÑ			èÇÍðÏ			ÍàðÒòÈ			èîÑòÏ			ÒïêàèÊ			ÃîÒÑÇÑ			ÈîàêàòÑèÊ		ÅðÎàòÈÇÑ			ÒïÌÇÌ			ÃîÈê			êîÌÑê			ÊîÃËêÑ			ÊîËÇÁîÈî			ÎààîÑîÒ			ÐîèÇÊ			ÊàîÍàòÐêàÑ		ÏîÌÇÌ			ÈÇÒÇÑ			ÈêÑ ÒîêàòÊ		ÈÇÑðÏ			ÃïÎàòÊ			ÍïÑèÈ			ÒîêàòÊ			èîÍêàÏ			ÌàîÑêÑ			ÃîÍàòÒÇÈ		ÃîÎàîèÇÊ		ËîÃÑ			èïÒîÑÇÁ			ËîèòÑ			êîÏèÑ			ÈîÍòÑê


Drill 10.  
	Read aloud the following advertisements:






         
          åæ ÌÑêÏÉ ÇäÔÑâ ÇäÇèÓ׬ ³¹¹±      









   åæ ÌÑêÏÉ ÇäÔÑâ ÇäÇèÓ׬ ³¹¹±



































		åæ ¢Ïäêäã áê ÙåÇ梬 åÇÑÓ ¨ÂÐÇÑ© ´¹¹±


Culture	ÇäËâÇáÉ


   Video
	Watch Scenes 6 and 7 on video with your teacher.

Al-Hamdu lillaah
	Literally Praise be to God, or Thank God, this is one of the most widely used phrases in Arabic by people of all religious backgrounds.  Its most common uses are (a) in response to How are you? whether or not one is well, because God is to be thanked at all times, (b) upon finishing a meal, to signal that one has had enough, and (c) upon successfully completing a task or learning of a positive outcome.  

Arabic Dialects
	Every language has some differences between its written and spoken forms.  Pronunciation usually varies from region to region, and some vocabulary differs; occasionally there are differences in grammar as well.  For example, I dunno is rarely written, except for special effect, and I do not know is rarely used in speech.  Hoagie, submarine, sub, wedge, and hero all refer to the same sandwich, and American southerners often distinguish between singular you and plural y'all.  Americans, Britons, and Australians learn to understand each otherÕs accents merely by being exposed to them. 
	The Arabic language also varies in these ways, although the differences are sometimes greater than those found among varieties of English.  Names for the different varieties of Arabic include Modern Standard, colloquial, and Classical Arabic.  In this book, the terms ÒformalÓ and ÒspokenÓ will be used to differentiate between written and spoken forms of the language.  All varieties of Arabic share the same basic grammar and most vocabulary.  The greatest differences lie in the areas of accent and daily-life vocabulary.  For some examples of these differences, listen to a few expressions from four regions:



	Cairo	Beirut	Fez	Baghdad

      Good morning!	SabaaH ilkheer 	SabaaH lkheer	SbaH lkher	SbaaH lkheer

      How are you? 	izzayyak?  (m)	kiifak? (m)	laa baas?	shloonak? (m)

      WhatÕs your name?	ismak  ee? (m)	shuu  ismak? (m)	shnu smiitk? 	sh- ismak? (m)

      Milk	laban	Haliib	Hliib	Haliib


	As you can see and hear, the accents are different and some of the expressions differ, although they are all related to formal Arabic.  Notice, for example, the consistent use of ak or k for your.  The more formal Arabic you know, the easier it is to recognize the dialect forms that are derived from it.  
	In this book, you will concentrate on learning to read and write modern formal Arabic.  You will also learn to speak in formal Arabic, while being introduced to common expressions used in daily life in Egypt through the video tape.  The Egyptian dialect is widely understood throughout the Arab world, thanks to the popularity of Egyptian films and television shows.  You will notice some differences in pronunciation and vocabulary between formal Arabic and the Egyptian dialect; for example, it was noted aboveÑand you can hear on the tapeÑthat the letter Ì is pronounced g in Egypt.  You will learn other differences as they arise.
	To be fluent in Arabic, you must have control of both the formal and colloquial registers.  It is quite natural to mix the two, and this is a skill that native speakers develop over the course of their formal and social education.  You will develop this skill too; after all, you already shift from one level to another naturally in your native language.  The more Arabic you learn, the easier it will become to recognize, understand and use the different varieties of Arabic.