ÇäèÍÏÉ ÇäÓÇÈÙÉ
UNIT SEVEN


å       æ       çà
Â


	In this unit, you will learn the last three letters of the alphabet and the symbol madda.



        å              ÒmiimÓ


	This letter corresponds to English m as in may.  

Listening Exercise 1.   

	Listen and repeat:
 åÇä                ÓîåêÑ                åðÕòÑ                ÌÇåðàÙÉ                êîàèòå                ãàîäÇå



Writing
å          åà          ààåà          ààå


	å is a connecting letter whose basic shape is easily identifiable: a small round loop.  You can see from the words above that the printed forms do not vary much; however, the way the loop is drawn and connected to other letters varies in handwriting.  It is important that you practice the direction of the loop in each position until you can write it easily, without having to stop and check.  
	To write independent å , begin on the line and draw a small round loop over and around to the right, continue along the line a short distance, then make a corner and draw the tail straight down well below the line.  Copy:






	Practice by copying the word Çäêîàèå (today):






	There are two common styles of writing initial åà .  It may be looped up and over, just like independent å , or looped from underneath, in the opposite direction.  Once you have closed the loop, continue on into a connecting segment.  Copy and practice both examples, then choose one form to use:






	Now write the Arabic name for Egypt, åðàÕÑ :






	When writing initial åà followed by Ì , Í , or Î , remember to draw the loop well above the line so that you can continue directly into the next letter.  Copy the name åîÌêàÏ :








	Medial àåà should always loop down from the connecting segment, which rests slightly above the line as the example shows:









	Copy and sound out these words:









	In some typefaces and handwriting styles,  åà may be joined to initial letters  Èà , Êà , Ëà , êà , and åà as shown:  Èå ,  Êå ,  êå , and åå .  Copy the examples, making sure to loop the  å down:










	Read aloud and copy:
       ïååÊÇÒ                   ïååðàäñ                   îêåàêàä                   ðÈåî                   îÊåÇå 







	When å follows an unconnected ä , it is usually written in the corner formed when äà meets the line as shown.  Copy the example:





	Be on the lookout for this äåà combination in print.  Copy and sound out:
    îäåàñÇ                    ÅäåÇå                    ÇîäåàîãÓêã                    ÃîäåÇÓ                    ÇîäåàîÚàÑðÈ






	In handwriting, final àå must be looped down from the top.  Starting from the connecting segment, continue into the loop, then circle down and around to the right, making a full loop, then continue into the tail.  Follow the arrows and practice:






	Read and copy:
      åêå		     Ìêå		ãàîÑêàå		        Íîàäàêàå		ÓàÇäàðå






Drill 1.   
   
	Dictation.
	1.   ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà				5.   ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà
	2.   ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà				6.   ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà
	3.   ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà				7.   ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà
	4.   ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà				8.   ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà
	Copy and read aloud the following names:
 ª    Ãîåîàä  	     åÇÌàðÏÉ	     ÍîàåêàÏÉ	       ÌàîåêàäÉ	           åîêñ              ãàîÑêåÉ






 Á    ÓÇåðàÑ	      ÃîÍàåîàÏ	     åîàÍàåèÏ            ÙðàåàÇÏ	        åîàÙàÑèá         ÙðàÕÇå








       æ              ÒnuunÓ


	This letter represents the sound n as in noon.  
Listening Exercise 2.   

	Listen and repeat:
  æÇÑ               äàïÈàæàÇæ               ÊèæðàÓ               ÅêÑÇæ               Úàîæêñ               ÓîàæàÉ


Writing
æ           æà           àæà           àæ


	æ is a connecting letter whose shape resembles that of È in initial and medial positions, except for the placement of the dot.  It differs from È in that the independent and final forms of æ take a characteristic ÒtailÓ shape that dips well below the line.  Practice drawing the shape of independent æ , making sure to bring the tail back up across the line:




	At the beginning or in the middle of a word, write æà as you write Èà , but dot above rather than below the letter.  Copy:




	Read aloud and copy:
	æàîÈàê	æàîÈàêàä	ÊàèæðàÓ	ÙðæÏê






	In final position, àæ begins with a tooth and then dips immediately into a tail below the line.  Bring the tail back up across the line:





	Read and copy:
	æàèæ	äàïÈàòæàÇæ	Ãîêòàåàîæ	èî×àîæ






	Now read aloud and copy the following names:
ª	ÒîêàòæàîÈ		ÅêàåÇæ		æàîáàêÓàÉ	æîàÌÇÉ		ÍîàæàÇæ		 ÃîåÇæê






Á	Ãîåàêàæ		æàÇÌàê		ÌàïÈàÑÇæ	åàïæàÐðÑ		ÙîàÏæàÇæ	ÑîåîàÖàÇæ






Drill 2. 
	Read aloud these names of countries and cities:
ÙàîåñàÇæ			   æàêàèêàèÑã			áàîÑîæàòÓÇ			ÈÇÑêàÓ
ãàèäàèåÈàêàÇ		   ÈàîÚàòÏÇÏ			ÈîàæàÚàäÇÏêÔ			ãàîæàîÏÇ
ÃîäàòåÇæàêàÇ		   åàèÓàãàè			ÅáàòÑêàâàêàÇ			ÃîåòàÑêàãàÇ
ÓàèÑðêàÇ		   ÏðåîàÔàâ			ÈîêàòÑèÊ			äàïæàÏïæ
×àîÑÇÈïàäàïÓ		   ÃèÓòÊàÑÇäàêàÇ			ÈàÇãàðÓÊàÇæ			âàî×àîÑ
ÃîáàòÚàÇæàðÓòÊàÇæ		   ÈàÑêà×ÇæàòêàÇ			åàèÑêàÊàÇæàòêàÇ			ÕîàæàòÙàÇÁ


Drill  3.   
  
	Dictation.
	1.   ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà				  6.   ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà
	2.   ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà				  7.   ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà
	3.   ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà				  8.   ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà
	4.   ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà				  9.   ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà
	5.   ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà				10.   àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà




       çà              ÒhaaÓ


	This letter represents a familiar sound, the one spelled in English by h as in house.  Unlike English h, which can be silent, as in hour , çà is always pronounced.  Moreover, the English h sound tends to occur at the beginning of a word or syllable, whereas Arabic çà can occur in any position.  Say a house , then say the two words as if they were a single word.  This is how çà sounds in the middle of a word.  Now say her, then say it backwards, pronouncing the h.  This is how çà sounds at the end of a word.  

Listening Exercise 3.  

	Listen to the words on tape and repeat, paying attention to the çà sound.
	çîàåòàÒÉ		ÐîçîàÈ		ØàïçàòÑ		æàîçàòÑ		êîàÊàêàç		 ÈîàæàÇç


Writing
çà           àçà           àç           ç


	The forms of this connecting letter vary more than those of any other.  In addition, individual style may affect its shape in initial and medial forms.  The shape çà is the form this letter takes independently and at the beginning of a word.  To write this shape, begin slightly above the line, and draw a large loop sloping first upward and then downward to your right and back up.  This outer loop should be large; its exact shape can vary according to individual style and print type from a more pointed to a more rounded oval.  When you reach the beginning of the loop, continue on, making a small loop inside the big one, then continue on down to the line into the connecting segment.  Copy the example:






	Copy the name of the consonant  çåÒÉ :





	In medial position, çà has two main variations.  The first is more common in print:  àçà (look also at the printed form of the words in Listening Exercise 3 above); it consists of two vertical loops, one above and one below the line.  The second is more commonly found in handwriting, and is written in one stroke as a (more or less) pointed dip below the line.  Copy the example:







	Copy and sound out the name åîçÇ :





	Final àç takes the same shape as ¨ÊÇÁ åÑÈè×É©  àÉ, whether or not connected with a previous letter, except that it has no dots.  It is important to distinguish between these two letters:  while àÉ is generally a feminine marker, àç often indicates the possessive his.  To write unconnected final ç , simply start above the line and draw a fat oval, just as you drew É :






	To write final àç connected with a previous letter, start from the connecting segment and draw a short line up, then loop around into a flat oval.  The exact shape of this oval varies according to individual style and print type.  Copy:






	To practice writing ç and àç , copy and sound out:
	êîÊêç			ÈîàæàÇçï			èÇäðàÏïçï			ÔàîÑêà×àïçï






	Now copy and sound out the following names:
ª	çàîæàÇÁ		     çàðêàÇå		ÓïàçîêòàäÉ  	       ÓïàçîàêòàÑ  	           ÒîçòàÑÉ 





Á	çîàêòàËàîå  	      áàîçàòÏ		 çàÇæàê		     Óïàçàîêàòä	          ÈàîçàÇÁ







Drill  4.   

	Listen to the words on tape, decide whether the final letter you hear is É or ç , and write it in the blank.  Also write in all the short vowels that you hear:
		1.	 ÃÈàÇ ààààààààà			5.	  ÏÑÇÓààà àààààààààà
		2.	åàêàÇ ààààààààà			6.	ÏãÊàèÑÇ ààààààààà
		3. 	åÏêæà ààààààà			7.	áê ÈêàÊàà àààààààà
		4.	ãÊàÈàà ààààààà			8.	 Ìàåàêàäàà àààààààà


	Remember that çà is very different from Í .  çà is a sound that exists in English, and is very easy for English speakers to pronounce, while  Í  is pronounced deep in the throat, and has a slightly raspy sound.  You can say çà without thinking about your throat muscles, but you must concentrate to say Í .  It is very important to distinguish between these two sounds, so practice until you can do so.

Listening Exercise 4.  

	Listen to the contrast between çà and Í in the following pairs of words:
æàîçòàÑ ¯ æàîÍòàÑ		  çàïÈàèÈ ¯ ÍàïÈàèÈ		çàîàä ¯ Íàîàä		çîàåàÒÉ ¯ ÍîàåàÒÉ
æîàçàîàä ¯ æàîÍàîàä	  	  ÃîÈàçàîÑ ¯ ÃîÈàÍàîÑ		áàîçàòå ¯ áàîÍàòå		Èàîàäàîàç ¯ ÈîààäàîàÍ


Drill  5.   

	You will hear twelve words .  For each, circle the sound you hear:
	1.  	çà	Í	5.	çà	Í 	  9.	çà	Í
	2.	çà	Í	6.	çà	Í	10.	çà	Í
	3.	çà	Í	7.	çà	Í	11.	çà	Í
	4.	çà	Í	8.	çà	Í	12.	çà	Í
Drill  6.   

	Read the following aloud with the tape, paying particular attention to Í and çà :
	1.  (a)	Íîèä	(b)	çîèä	  7.  (a)	ÃîÍÑîâî	(b)	ÃîçÑîâî
	2.  (a)	ÍîåîÏ	(b)	çîåîÏ	  8.  (a)	åïÈÍðÑ	(b)	åïÈçðÑ
	3.  (a)	ÔîÍòå	(b)	Ôîçòå	  9.  (a)	æÇÍðêÉ	(b)	æÇçðêÉ
	4.  (a)	ÌïÍèÏ	(b)	ÌïçèÏ	10.  (a)	ÇðÓÊðÍäÇä	(b)	ÇðÓÊðçäÇä
	5.  (a)	ÍÇáê	(b)	çÇáê	11.  (a)	ÅáÍÇå	(b)	ÅáçÇå
	6.  (a)	×àîÍîàä	(b)	×àîçîàä	12.  (a)	ÃîÕÍîÑî	(b)	ÃîÕçîÑî



Drill  7.   

	Write the letter that you hear in each blank:
	1.	    Ñîààààààààà àÈÉ 	  	 5.     äðà àààààààààà àÇá		  9.          Ãî ààààààààà àå
	2.	  áà ààààààààà àêå 		 6.     Øàï àààààààà àèÑ		10.      ààààààààà àËÇäÉ
	3.	ÌîÈîà àààààààà àÇÊ  		 7.       àààààààà àÑ êñàÉ		11.  åÔà ààààààà àèÑ
	4.	ÖÇ àààààààààà àã 		 8.   Õîà ààààààààà àÑÇÁ		12.       àààààààà àåñÇå

Drill  8.   
    
	Dictation.
		1.   ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà			5.   ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà
		2.   ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà			6.   ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà
		3.   ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà			7.   ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà
		4.   ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà			8.   ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà



                  ÒÃîäðá åîàÏñÉÓ

	The symbol that you see above the alif in the box is called madda, åîàÏñÉ , which means lengthening.  It can only occur on alif, and when it does, the alif is called alif madda,  Ãäðá åîàÏñÉ .  The alif madda represents the combination of either à« Ã or Ã « Ç .  These two combinations are never written separately, for the same historical reason that hamza is written on different seats:  when Arabic was first written, hamza was not yet a part of the script.  Only later was a symbol developed for hamza.  The madda was also added to the alphabet with the other extra-alphabetical markings to indicate the two combinations above.  
	So far, you have learned five ways of writing hamza, depending on its position in a word and the vowels around it.  Whenever two hamzas occur together, or hamza is followed by long vowel alif (as opposed to hamza followed by a short vowel), rather than writing Ãà or ÃÇ , the combination is written as  .  This is pronounced as a hamza followed by alif.  Remember:  Like medial and final hamza, the madda sign must be written wherever it occurs.

Listening Exercise 5.  

	Listen and repeat:
 Âæ             Âåêæ             Âãàïä             ÇäâàïÑÂæ             ÇäÂæ             åðàÑÂÉ


	The  åÏñÉ  sign written above the  Çäá  is written as a slightly wavy line just above it.  Copy the example:






	Practice writing madda in ÇäâàïÑÂæ (the Quran):   








Drill 9.  

	Connect the following letters to form words, then listen to them on tape and write in the vowels you hear:
	à« æ « çà « Ç « Ñ 			½	àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 1.
	ã « Ñ « ê « å 			½	àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 2.
	å « Ð « Ç « çà « È 			½	àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 3.
	× « å « Ç « × « å 			½	àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 4.
	æ « çà « Ç « ê « Ç « Ê 		½	àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 5.
	ã « ä « Ç « å « çà 			½	àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 6.
	ૠà« ã « ä « çà « Ç 		½	àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 7.
	ã « çà « Ñ « È « Ç « Á 		½	àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 8.
	Ê « Ù « Ø « ê « å 			½	àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 9.
	Ú « á « Ñ « Ç « æ 			½	àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 10.
	à« Ó « Æ « ä « É 			½	àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 11.


Drill 10.  

	A.  Read aloud these names of Middle Eastern foods:
	áàîäÇáðàä  		Ãïåñ Ùîàäê		ÊàîÈàñèäÉ 		ÈÇÈÇ ÚàîæàñèÌ
	ÍàïåàñïÕ  		áàîÊàñÉ      		áàîÊàñèÔ		èîÑîâ ÙðàæàîÈ
	åàîÍòÔàê		ãàïÈàñÉ			ãàîÈàÇÈ   		äàîÈàîæ ÒîÈÇÏê
	åàïäàèÎðêàñÉ		ÈÇåòêÉ   		ãàïÓòãÓè  		åîàâàòäèÈàÉ
	ãàïæàÇáàÉ   		ÈîàâàòäÇèÉ		ÈîàÓòÈàèÓÉ		×àîÍàêàæàÉ

	B.  Now read and learn the names of some other foods:  







































Drill 11.  

	Read and learn the following words:


         


		       âàîäàîå					    ÇðåòàÊðàÍàÇæ










		    åîãÊîÈ  					     åîãÊîÈÉ










		   ÚàïÑòáàÉ   					     ÈàðæàÇêàÉ





Drill 12.
	You are now ready to play your first Arabic word game, taken from an Arabic newspaper.  In the box below, look for the words listed in the two columns to the right, running in any direction.  Once you find the word, circle it or draw a line through it.  After you have found all the words, write out the remaining unused letters.  They will spell the name of a famous Biblical/Quranic prophet.





























      åæ ÌÑêÏÉ ÇäÔÑâ ÇäÇèÓ× ¬ ²¹¹±



Drill 13.  
   
	Read and learn the following words that express how you feel:
ÅÒñêñàã¿ ¯ ãàîêá ÇäÍÇä¿









  



       ãèîêðñÓàÉ ¬ ÇäÍîåòÏï äðäñç		       ÒîÙòàäÇæÉ  	            ÙæÏê ÕïÏÇÙ










	      ÍîÑñÇæ 			       ÈîÑòÏÇæ		              ÚîàÖòÈÇæ









			   ÙæòÏê ÈîÑÏ			       åîÑêÖ









	   ÌîèÙÇæ			      ÊîÙÈÇæÉ			          Ùî×ÔÇæ


	ÃîæÇ					  I		çïèî				 he
	ÃîæòÊî 			you (masculine)		çðêî				she
	ÃîæòÊð			  you (feminine)		æîÙîå ¯ äÇ		  yes / no





Drill 14.     
	Read the following advertisements and write them out in your own handwriting:



































































































	      åæ ÌÑêÏÉ ÇäÔÑâ ÇäÇèÓ× ¬ ²¹¹± 





Culture	ÇäËâÇáÉ


   Video
	Watch Scene 14 on the video with your teacher.  



¢åîÙòäðàçòÔ¢

	The colloquial expression ¢åîÙäðçÔ¢ (also spelled åîÙäêÔ) has a wide range of usages.  It is used to say never mind, don't worry about it, it doesn't matter, in some cases, to say is it okay (if I...)?, and, finally, to console someone who is upset or angry about something.  

	Some kinds of behavior that many Americans may see as interfering or speaking out of turn are quite acceptable in Arab culture.  For example, when a person sees that someone is upset, he or she will probably try to find out what the problem is, and say åÙäçÔ Ñeven if he or she does not know the person well.