ÇäèÍÏÉ ÇäËÇåæÉ UNIT EIGHT Çäà       Â      à§à In this unit, you will learn about the definite article, more about initial hamza, and an old spelling for alif that still survives in a few words. You will also learn the numbers zero through ten. .. Çäà ÒÃäá äÇåÓ Called in Arabic Ãîäðá äÇå after the names of the letters, the segment Çäà represents the definite article in Arabic, comparable to the in English. Compare the following pairs of nouns: ãÊÇÈ a book ÇäãÊÇÈ the book ÇÓÊÇÐ a teacher ÇäÇÓÊÇÐ the teacher You can see in these examples that Çäà makes an indefinite noun definite. Of course, the usage of Arabic Çäà is not exactly equivalent to that of English the. For example, you have already learned how to say: ÌÇåÙÉ ÇäâÇçÑÉ The University of Cairo in which ÌÇåÙÉ is definite although it does not have Çäà (you will learn more about this soon). Proper nouns are definite whether or not they begin with Çäà ; for example, åÕÑ (Egypt) is definite. There is no rule that determines whether or not a proper noun takes Çäà ; each one must be memorized (especially the names of Arab countries and cities). In general, however, foreign names and names of people do not usually take Çäà . You will learn more about these differences over the next few weeks; in the meantime, remember that a word modified by Çäà is definite. Listening Exercise 1.  Read and listen to the following examples of words with and without Çäà . 1. ÇäÈêàÊ ½¾ ÈêÊ 4. ÇäÃÓÊÇÐÉ ½¾ ÃÓÊÇÐÉ 2. Çäâàäàå ½¾ âàäàå 5. ÇäåãÊÈÉ ½¾ åãÊÈÉ 3. ÇäåãÊÈ ½¾ åãÊÈ 6. ÇäãÑÓê ½¾ ãÑÓê Pronunciation of Çäà Çäà has a special pronunciation rule which dictates that, before certain letters, äà  is not pronounced as äà , but is elided to or "swallowed by" the following consonant. As a result, the following consonant takes a shadda and is pronounced as a doubled consonant because it has ÒswallowedÓ the sound of the äà while retaining its length. For example, the word ÇäÏãÊèÑ is pronounced ad-duktuur (not al-duktuur) because Ï is one of the letters that assimilates the äà of Çäà . The letters that assimilate this äà are called ÇäÍàïÑèá ÇäÔàñîàåÓêñÉ (sun letters, pronounced al-Huruuf ash-shamsiyya), after the word ÔîåÓ (sun) which begins with Ô , one of the letters that assimilates äà . The consonants that do not assimilate the äà are called ÇäÍàïÑèá ÇäâàîåàîÑêÉ (moon letters, pronounced al-Huruuf al-qamariyya), because the â of âîåîÑ (moon) is one of the letters that do not assimilate äà . Listening Exercise 2.  Listen to the following examples of sun and moon letters and repeat. Pay close attention to the pronunciation of Çäà :   ÇäÍÑèá ÇäâåÑêÉ º       ÇäÈêÊ        Çäâäå            ÇäÇÓÊÇР      ÇäãÊÇÈ        ÇäÃèÊèÈêÓ   ÇäÍÑèá ÇäÔåÓêÉ º     ÇäÔñàÇÑÙ      ÇäÓñàêñÇÑÉ      ÇäÕñáñ        Çä×ñàÇèäÉ      Çä×ñÇÆÑÉ Note that the first group of words contains the sound äà , whereas in the second, you do not hear äà , but rather a shadda on the following consonant. This shadda is sometimes written in, as it is above, as a reminder of correct pronunciation. In fully vocalized texts, it is considered part of proper vowelling, and will always be written in. It is a good idea to write the shadda on ÇäÍÑèá ÇäÔåÓêÉ for now, until you have memorized them and remember to read Çäà correctly. The following chart lists the letters in their proper classes. As a rule of thumb, note that ÇäÍÑèá ÇäÔåÓêÉ Ñthe letters that swallow the äà Ñare the ones whose tongue position is close to that of äà . This rule will help you memorize which group each letter belongs to so that you can speak and read Arabic correctly: Çäà  «  ÇäÍïÑèá ÇäÔîåÓêñÉ èÇäÍïÑèá ÇäâîåîÑêñÉ ÇäÍÑèá ÇäâåÑêÉ ÇäÍÑèá ÇäÔåÓêÉ Ã Ê È Ë Ì Ï Í Ð Î Ñ Ù Ò Ú Ó á Ô â Õ ã Ö å × çà Ø è ä ê æ Drill 1.  Make these indefinite words definite by adding Çäà , write ÔÏÉ on those that begin with ÍÑèá ÔåÓêÉ , and read aloud: ÓäÇå àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 8. ÌÇåÙÉ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 1. åÏêæÉ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 9. ÇðÓå àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 2. ÃÓÊÇÐÉ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 10. ×ÇäÈ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 3. ãÊÇÈ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 11. ÔÑê× àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 4. ÕÈÇÍ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 12. áÕä àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 5. ÏÑÓ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 13. âçèÉ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 6. ÈÇÈ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 14. èÑâÉ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 7. Drill 2.  Write ÔÏÉ on the  ÍÑèá ÔåÓêÉ in the following words, and write Óãèæ on the äà before ÍÑèá âåÑêÉ , as in the examples. Then read the words aloud. Examples: ÇäàÑñÇÏêàè                ÇäàòâàïÑÂæ ÇäÏãÊèÑ ÇäÈêòÊ ÇäàåÏêæÉ Çä×ÇÆÑÉ ÇäÔÇÑÙ ÇäãàîÙÈÉ ÇäÕàá ÇäÏêåïàâÑÇ×ê ÇäâÑÂæ ÇäÓêÇÑÉ ÇääàîèÍ ÇäÙàîêòæ ÇäÚàîÒÇä ÇäÓÄÇä ÇäæàîçàÑ ÇäØàîäÇå ÇäÅÓäÇå ÇäÍðàÒÈ ÇäÎàîêàÑ ÇäËàîâÇáÉ Drill 3.  Circle the word you hear in each row. Pay special attention to the first syllable in each word and listen for the presence or absence of shadda on sun letters. ÇäÓäÇå  ÅÓäÇå ÃÓäå 1. ÃÕáñ ÇäÕáñ Õáñ 2. ÇäÙåä Ùåä ÃÙåä 3. ÇäæçÇêÉ æçÇêÉ ÃæçÇêÉ 4. Çäâäå âäå ÃâäÇå 5. ÇäÕèå ÃÕèå Õèå 6. ÕÈÇÍ ÇäÕÈÇÍ ÃÕÈÍ 7. ØäÇå ÃØäå ÇäØäÇå 8. ÇäËÇæê ÃËÇæê ËÇæê 9. ÃæèÑ ÇäæèÑ æèÑ 10. Drill 4.  You will hear twelve words. Write Çäà for each word that contains it and ¯ for each word that does not. 1. ààààààààààààààààààà 4. ààààààààààààààààààà 7. ààààààààààààààààààà 10. ààààààààààààààààààà 2. ààààààààààààààààààà 5. ààààààààààààààààààà 8. ààààààààààààààààààà 11. ààààààààààààààààààà 3. ààààààààààààààààààà 6. ààààààààààààààààààà 9. ààààààààààààààààààà 12. ààààààààààààààààààà Drill 5.  You will hear eight phrases. Determine whether the second word in each is definite or indefinite, and write Çäà for those that are definite and ¯ for those that are indefinite: 1. ààààààààààààààààààà 3. ààààààààààààààààààà 5. ààààààààààààààààààà 7. ààààààààààààààààààà 2. ààààààààààààààààààà 4. ààààààààààààààààààà 6. ààààààààààààààààààà 8. ààààààààààààààààààà Drill 6. Read aloud the following words: ÇäÈîÍòÑîêæ Çä×àñÇäðÈ ÇääàñîêäÉ ÇäÎÇÕñ ÇäÒñððêÇÑÉ ÇäãàïèîêÊ ÇäÅåÇÑÇÊ Çäæñêä ÇäàÏñÇÑ ÇäèîäàîÏ ÇäÖñîÈÇÈ ÇäÃïÑÏïæ ÇäÍàîäêÈ ÇäáÇÑ ÇäàåîàÚÑðÈ ÇäÎîàÑò×èå ÇäÓñèÏÇæ ÇäÏñîèÍÉ ÇäËàñÇæê ÇäÔñïÈñÇã ÇäÚÇäê ÇäØàñîäÇå ÇäÐñîçÇÈ Çäêàîåàîæ ÇäÑîÈÇ× ÇäÌîàÒÇÆðàÑ  ÇäÊñèæðÓê Çäâàäàå ÇäÙðàÑÇâ ÇäÕñèåÇä Drill 7.  Dictation. Remember that you will not hear äà in Çäà on words that begin with ÍÑèá ÔåÓêÉ Ñ listen for shadda! 1. ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 5. ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 9. ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 2. ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 6. ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 10. ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 3. ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 7. ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 11. ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 4. ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 8. ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 12. ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà  ÒçîåòÒÉ ÇäèîÕòäÓ You have seen that words like ÃÓÊÇÐ begin with the consonant çîåÒÉ (whether or not it is written: Ç or à ). It is the çåÒÉ that ÒallowsÓ you to pronounce the vowel that follows it. In most words that begin with çåÒÉ , the vowel that the hamza carries always remains the same; for example, ÃÓÊÇÐ is always pronounced the same way, with a ÖîåñÉ . However, the çåÒÉ of Çäà belongs to a special category called çåÒÉ ÇäèîÕä , which means elidable hamza.  ÒElidableÓ means that, when preceded by another word, the hamza and its vowel drop in both pronunciation and writing.  In writing, the symbol waSla èîÕäÉ takes the place of the çåÒÉ , and in pronunciation, the original vowel on the alif is swallowed by the final vowel of a previous word or by a helping vowel. Thus, in the case of Çäà , the normal áîÊÍÉ vowel on the alif is not usually heard. Listening Exercise 3.  Listen carefully to Çäà in the second word of each phrase. You will not hear the Ç of the Çäà because it is swallowed by the final vowel of the preceding word:    ÃÈê ÂäÙÒêÒ               ÃåÑêãÇ ÂääÇÊêæêÉ             áê ÂäÈêÊ                 áê ÂäÌÇåÙÉ    ÈêÊê ÂäÌÏêÏ              åÏÑñÓè ÂäÌÇåÙÉ              èÇäÏÇ ÂäÈæÊ              ãÑÓê Âä×ÇäÈ Writing The symbol for çåÒÉ ÇäèÕä , called èîÕäÉ , is not normally written except in completely vowelled texts. It can only occur at the beginning of a word, and the overwhelming majority of cases occur on Çäà . Practice writing it by copying the example: Drill 8.  Listen as the following phrases are read aloud. Some will contain regular çåÒÉ and some will contain çåÒÉ ÇäèÕä . Mark either çåÒÉ or èÕäÉ according to what you hear: 1.   åÇ ÇÓåã ¿ 6.        Ãêæî  ÇäÈêÊ ¿ 2.   èÇäÏê ÇÓÊÇÐ 7.     çïàèî  ÇÍåÏ 3.       ÙæÏê Çäå 8.     áê ÇäåÏêæÉ 4.      äê ÇÓæÇæ 9.     ÃÎè ÇäÈæÊ 5.     ÕÏêâê ÇäáÑæÓê 10.     ÃæÇ ÇäÇÓÊÇÐ § dagger alif This symbol is often called dagger alif because its shape resembles a small dagger. It represents an old spelling of alif from early Quranic writing that survives today in a few common words and names. It is pronounced exactly like the long vowel alif. Listening Exercise 4.  Listen to these words containing dagger alif and repeat: çà§àÐÇ äà§àãàðàæ   äÇÔÓêÈäÑÒÑÒÑèÐèâÊÙáãååæ       Çä ÙàîÈÏ ÇäÑîÍåà§àæ Learn the following words: çà§àÐÇ   this (masculine) äà§àãðàæ  but çà§àÐðçð this (feminine) Çääàñ§àç God These are most of the commonly used words that are spelled with dagger alif. It is almost never written, except in fully vowelled texts, but is important to learn the words that are spelled with it and remember to pronounce this as a long vowelÑit is equivalent to alif. Writing The dagger alif is drawn as a short vertical stroke above the consonant it follows. Make sure it is precisely vertical, so that it may be distinguished easily from the slanted fatHa. Copying the examples, practice writing and pronouncing the words you have just learned: Drill 9. A. Read the following phrases aloud, paying special attention to çåÒÉ ÇäèÕä and ÇäÍÑèá ÇäÔåÓêÉ èÇäâåÑêÉ : áê ÇäÔÇê åðæî ÇäåîÚÑðÈ åîÙî ÇäÎïÈÒ åðæî ÇäåãÊÈÉ ÃîåÇåî Çä×ÇèäÉ áê çÐÇ ÇäÔÇÑÙ áê çà§àÐðçð ÇäÌÇåÙÉ èîÑÇÁî ÇäÈÇÈ ÃîåÇåî ÇäÔÈñÇã ÃîåÇåî ÇäáÕä áê çà§àÐÇ ÇäÈêÊ  áê çà§àÐðçð ÇäÈæÇêÉ åîÙî ÇäâçèÉ åðæî ÇäãÊÇÈ èîÑÇÁî ÇäÌÇåÙÉ èîÑÇÁî ÇäÈàðæàÇêÉ çà§àÐÇ ÇäÃèÊèÈêÓ áê ÇäÓêÇÑÉ B. Use the following prepositions to figure out the meanings of the phrases: áê  in åîÙî   with ÃîåÇå  in front of èîÑÇÁî  behind Drill 10. Read the following passage, first to yourself, for meaning, then aloud. What does it seem to be talking about? How much can you understand? ÇÓåê Ùîäê åïÍîåñîÏ ÙîÈÏ ÇäÓñäÇå®  ÃæÇ ÙðÑÇâê åæ åÏêæÉ ÈÚÏÇÏ èÃæÇ ×ÇäÈ áê ÌÇåÙÉ ÈÚÏÇÏ®  ÃæÇ ÓÇãðæ áê ÔÇÑÙ ÇäÈîÕÑÉ®  ÃîÈê ÃÓÊÇРáê ÇäÌÇåÙÉ èîÇÓåïç åÍåÏ èÃïåê ÏãÊèÑÉ èÇÓåçÇ ÙÇÆðÔÉ®  ÙæÏê ÎåÓÉ ÅÎòèɺ  ÇðÈòÑÇçêå èÎîàäêä èÍÇåðÏ èåÇÌàðÏÉ èÓÇåðêÉ® Drill 11. Read the sentences below and learn the new words:            Drill 12. Match the nouns and adjectives given below to form sentences using çÐÇ and çÐç . Remember that all the words in a sentence must have the same gender, either masculine or feminine. Adjectives Nouns âàäàå ãðàÊÇÈ âÕêàÑ ¯ âÕêÑÉ    ­ ×èêàä ¯ ×èêàäÉ ÑÌàä ×ÇèäÉ ÕàÚêàÑ ¯ ÕàÚêàÑÉ   ­   ãàÈêàÑ ¯ ãàÈêàÑÉ ÇðåÑÃÉ ÔàïÈñÇã ÌàÏêàÏ  ¯  ÌàÏêàÏÉ    ­   âàîÏêàå ¯ âàÏêàåÉ ÈàæÊ ÓêñàÇÑÉ âÑêÈ  ¯  âÑêÈÉ      ­ ÈàÙêàÏ ¯ ÈàÙêàÏÉ èäÏ ÃèÊèÈêàÓ ÕàÙàÈ ¯ ÕàÙàÈàÉ     ­ Óîàçàä ¯ ÓàçàäàÉ âàçàèÉ ×ÇÆÑÉ Ìåêàä ¯ ÌåêàäÉ ÔÇê Õàáñ ÙÑÈê ¯ ÙÑÈêàñÉ åãÊÈ ÌÇåÙàÉ ÃîåÑêãê ¯ ÃåÑêãêñÉ ÚÑáÉ åãÊÈÉ èÇÓÙ ¯ èÇÓÙàÉ ÈæÇêÉ ÇåÊÍÇæ ÌîàêðñàÏ ¯ ÌîàêðñàÏÉ  (good) ÔàÇÑÙ ÇÓÊÇР¯ É ×àîêðñÈ ¯ ×àîêðñÈÉ  tasty (food), good (person) Example: çàÐç ÓàêñàÇÑÉ ÌàÏêàÏÉ 1. ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 9. ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 2. ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 10. ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 3. ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 11. ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 4. ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 12. ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 5. ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 13. ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 6. ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 14. ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 7. ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 15. ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 8. ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 16. ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà Arabic Numerals and Numbers 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ° ± ² ³ ´ µ ¶ · ¸ ¹ The chart above shows two sets of numerals. Both are used in the Arab world: the set in the top row is used in the Arab west (Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia), while the one in the bottom row is prevalent in the other Arab countries. The numerals used in the Arab west were introduced into Europe from Islamic lands in the Middle AgesÑhence our name for them, Arabic numerals. We know that the Arabs adapted their numerals from India, but we do not know the exact history of the development of the two sets. One of the great Islamic contributions to mathematics was the introduction of zero, attributed to the great mathematician and astronomer al-Khawarizmi (d. A.D. 849), from whose name the word logarithm comes. The numerals used in the Arab east are shown along with the Arabic names for numbers in the following table. Read and learn:  Counting Numbers from 0 to 10 ° ÕðàáòàÑ ± èÇÍðàÏ ² ÇðËæÇæ ¯ ÇðËæîêòæ  ³ ËàîäÇËàÉ ´ ÃîÑòÈîàÙÉ µ ÎîåòÓàÉ ¶ ÓðÊñàÉ · ÓîÈàòÙàÉ ¸ ËîåÇæðàêÉ ¹ ÊðÓòÙÉ °± ÙîÔîàÑÉ Writing Most Arabic numerals appear in handwriting much the same way they appear in print, with the exception of ² and ³ . In print, they appear as shown:   ² , ³ . In handwriting, however, they take on slightly different forms. Study the examples: ²   ½   ààààààààààààààààààààà ³   ½   ààààààààààààààààààààà You can see that the numeral ² in print closely resembles the numeral ³ when written by hand, except that the hook at the top of handwritten ³ is usually deeper. To avoid confusion, always write these numerals as shown in the handwritten example above, and when reading, remember to differentiate between printed and handwritten forms. Now practice writing the numerals by copying the examples: Drill 13. Quiz! Prepare five arithmetic problems for your classmates using the numbers 0 to 10. You can use the following expressions: + ÒÇÆðÏ Ð æÇâðÕ ª áê Ñ   ÎåÓÉ ÒÇÆÏ ËäÇËÉ ¿    Example: Ñ   ËåÇæêÉ ® Drill 14. Get the names and phone numbers of your classmates (in Arabic!) and write them below:         ÇäÇÓå          Name         ÇäÙæèÇæ                        Address ÇäÊäáèæ         Telephone  Culture ÇäËâÇáÉ   Video Watch Scenes 15 and 16 with your teacher. Saying Hello You have learned that polite behavior requires you to say hello to anyone in a room you enter. The same principle also applies to a loosely defined ÒspaceÓ that someone regularly occupies, such as an outdoor work area, or a guard's position outside a building. The following list includes the most frequently used greetings. Add them to your list of active vocabulary, and use them often: ÃîçäÇë  ¨èîÓîçäÇë© (ahlan wa sahlan) to welcome someone to oneÕs home or workplace     ÃîçäÇë Èàðã                     to reply: ÕîÈÇÍ ÇäÎîêÑ in the morning, until lunch time     ÕîÈÇÍ ÇäæñèÑ            to reply: åîÓÇÁ ÇäÎîêÑ in the late afternoon or evening     åîÓÇÁ ÇäæñèÑ            to reply: åîÑÍîÈÇ  ¯  åîÑÍîÈëÇ   (marHaban) common in Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, Jordan     ÃîçäÇë  ¯  åîÑÍÈÊîàêòàæ             to reply: ÇäÓñîäÇåï Ùîàäîêòãàïå "Islamic" in connotation     èîÙîäîêòãàïåï ÇäÓñîäÇå             to reply: