ЗдиНПЙ ЗдКЗУЩЙ UNIT NINE й аалЗ аан аам аао аар аап In this unit you will learn the third spelling of alif, and the symbols that represent grammatical endings. All of these symbols can occur only at the end of a word. й ТГодрб еовХиСЙУ Alif maqSuura, also called Гдб ИрХиСЙ ЗдкЗБ , alif in the shape of yaa', is a variant spelling of alif that can only occur at the end of a word. This shape of alif is a spelling convention that dates back to the writing of the Quran. It is pronounced just like the regular alif. When the long vowel alif occurs at the end of a word, it is often spelled with alif maqSuura, unless the word is a proper noun, in which case it is usually written with a regular alif. Listening Exercise 1. Listen to the following examples of words ending in Гдб евХиСЙ and repeat: Щодй Едй еоФй Иогй ЗржтаКоазй епаЛоажсй Writing ай й й is a connector, and since it only occurs in final position, it has only the two shapes you see above. It is written exactly like final к , except that it has no dots. In other words, final к and й are distinguished by the two dots of the к, except in Egypt, where both are usually written without dots. Copy the example: Copy and read aloud the following female names that end in й : даоктадай еапжай Уоадаеай жаоМаий жапзай Drill 1. Read the following phrases aloud. Remember to elide the зеТЙ ЗдиХд : ±а епаУтаКоаФатбй ЗдУсоадЗе µа еоЪатТй ЗдгаодЗе №а ХпаЪатСй ГоОоиЗКрзЗ Іа еоватзй ЗдФсоаИЗИ ¶а за§аРрзр ГогИоС Иодатий °±а ЗдУсожЙ ЗдГпидй іа жоазатС ИоаСоПй ·а Фоагий ЛЗжркЙ ±±а ИарПиж еоаГтий ґа ИСкЧЗжкЗ ЗдЩпШетй ёа Ноадатий доаРкРЙ І±а ЗрУепазЗ жапзй аана ааал аама ТКоажтикжУ The word tanwiin, derived from the name of the letter жиж , refers to the n sound in these three endings: ама (pronounced un) ала (pronounced an) аан (pronounced in) The n sound is represented in writing by the doubling of the short vowel symbol. In formal Arabic, these endings occur on indefinite nouns and adjectives, and they indicate certain grammatical functions of words in a sentence. Except in very formal situations, such as public addresses, they are rarely used in speaking, and are only written in vowelled texts. They are for the most part superfluous to comprehension, since speech and normal prose rely on other grammatical devices, such as word order, to convey meaning. For the time being, you need not worry about their meanings; you are expected to recognize them simply as "grammatical endings" when you hear them. Note that the Й taa marbuuTa is pronounced К before tanwiin, as you will hear in the following exercise. Listening Exercise 2. Listen to the following words being read with each tanwiin ending. УксЗСЙм Ї УкЗСЙл Ї УкЗСЙ н СМдм Ї СМдЗл Ї СМдн ЗреСГЙм Ї ЗеСГЙл Ї ЗеСГЙн Whether you hear an, in, or un, the meaning of each of these words remains the same: a car, a man, and a woman, respectively. We will now take a brief look at each of these endings in turn. аал ТКажикж ЗдбаоКтНУ This ending, pronounced an, may be found on indefinite nouns and adjectives. Of the three tanwiin endings, it is the only one you will see in unvowelled texts, and the only one used in everyday speech. You have already learned several words that end in Кжикж ЗдбКН . Listening Exercise 3. Read these familiar words that end in Кжикж ЗдбКН and repeat, noting the spelling: ФпагСлЗ ЩоабилЗ еоСНоИлЗ ГоздЗл ГздЗл иУздЗл Writing аал алЗ As you can see in the box above, Кжикж ЗдбКН has two different written forms. The form on the right, a double fatHa, is used on words that end in Й and ЗБ (alif followed by hamza). The form on the left, in which Кжикж ЗдбКН rests on an alif seat, is used in most other cases. Compare the spelling of the words in row A to that of the words in B: A УаЗЩаЙл ЗУКЗРЙл еаУаЗБл УаеЗБл B ФпагСлЗ ЩаобилЗ МарПсЗл ГздЗл Like other short vowel markings, the double fatHa in Кжикж ЗдбКН is not normally written in unvocalized texts. However, the alif seat that represents Кжикж ЗдбКН is always written where required, which means that alif at the end of a word usually represents Кжикж ЗдбКН rather than a long vowel. Compare the vocalized words in row B above to the same words, unvocalized this time, in row C below: C ФагаСЗ ЩабаиЗ МПЗ ЗздЗ The function of final alif as a seat for Кжикж ЗдбКН may be easily distinguished from the vowel alif because, as we noted above, Arabic words do not usually end in alif: the usual spelling for final long vowel alif is й . Therefore, when you see a word that ends in alif (such as ФгСЗ), consider the possibility that the alif represents Кжикж ЗдбКН . Remember that alif at the end of a word probably means one of two things: (a) the word is a proper noun, or (b) the word has the ending Кжикж ЗдбКН . Also, the sound an at the end of a word usually indicates Кжикж ЗдбКН . In fully vowelled texts, Кжикж ЗдбКН is written as a double fatHa when it occurs on Й or final ЗБ . When it occurs on other letters, it is written as an alif with a double fatHa, which can rest either on top of or slightly in front of the alif, depending on the script or font used. Practice writing Кжикж ЗдбКН by copying the examples: ам ТКаожикаж ЗдЦсоаесУ This symbol is called Кжикж ЗдЦсоес and is pronounced un. It represents a certain grammatical ending on indefinite nouns and adjectives. You will see or hear it only in fully vowelled texts and formal speeches. Listening Exercise 4. Listen to the following examples of Кжикж ЗдЦсое and repeat: гКЗИм ЗУКЗРЙм вдем УаЗЩЙм ЧЗдИм Writing When Кжикж ЗдЦе is written, it has two main variants, both of which are commonly used and signify the same sound and meaning. These variants are: 's ЦоесЙ two ааппап with a hooked tail ЦоесЙ a аам We will not be using Кжикж ЗдЦе for some time, but you may see or hear it, so learn to recognize these as variants of this grammatical ending. Practice writing it by copying the examples: аан ТКаожикаж ЗдгаоУСУ This symbol is called Кжикж ЗдгУС and is pronounced in. It represents the third and final grammatical ending that can occur on indefinite nouns and adjectives. Like Кжикж ЗдЦе , it only appears in fully vocalized texts and formal contexts. Listening Exercise 5. Listen to the following examples of Кжикж ЗдгУС and repeat: гКЗИн ЗУКЗРЙн вден УаЗЩЙн ЧЗдИн Writing When it is written in vowelled texts, Кжикж ЗдгУС is always written the same way: two kasras. Practice writing it by copying the examples: You will learn more about Кжикж ЗдЦе and Кжикж ЗдгУС later, when you begin studying the Quran and classical texts. For now, we will not use them, because they are not used in everyday speech, and informal Arabic does not rely on them to convey meaning. You are only expected to recognize them as Тgrammatical endingsУ when you see or hear them. These three endings, Кжикж ЗдбКН , ЗдЦе , and ЗдгУС , can occur only on indefinite nouns and adjectives. In addition, Arabic has three endings that occur on definite nouns and adjectives, which correspond to the three short vowels, бКНЙ , ЦеЙ , and гУСЙ . Like the indefinite Кжикж endings, these grammatical endings are only used in formal situations and are only written in vocalized texts. Thus, in a formal context, ЗдЧЗдИ might be pronounced or marked: ЗдЧЗдИп or ЗдЧЗдИо or ЗдЧЗдИр , depending on the grammatical role of ЗдЧЗдИ in the sentence. However, since the grammatical role of the noun in question will be clear from other sentence clues, these endings are usually superfluous to meaning. The important thing for you to remember is that all three of these mean the student. Listening Exercise 6. Listen to the following words and phrases read with grammatical endings боКНЙ , ЦоесЙ , and гоУСЙ : ±а ЗдЧЗдИп ЗдЧЗдИо ЗдЧЗдИр Іа ЗдЗУКЗРЙ п ЗдЗУКЗРЙо ЗдЗУКЗРЙр іа еПкжЙ п жкикиСг еПкжЙо жкикиСг еПкжЙр жкикиСг You will only see these endings in fully vocalized texts, and only hear them in very formal contexts. We will return to their meanings later; for now, just recognize them as Тgrammatical endingsУ when you hear them. Drill 2. Read aloud the following phrases, written in formal Arabic and vocalized: ±а ГоздЗл иоУоаздЗл Ў ·а зРЗ СоМпдм Чоикд ® ГоздЗл Иарг Ў Іа жоаЩкаелЗ Ў ёа зРрзр УксЗСЙм МекдЙ ® ГожтаЩоаео Зддасазп Щоадокатг Ў іа еоСНоИлЗ Ў №а ФЗзоПКп бкделЗ боСожУрксаалЗ ГоеУ ® еСНИлЗ Иарг Ў ґа ФпагСлЗ Ў °±а ГоУтгапж бк еоПкжЙн гИкСЙ ® ЩоабилЗ ® µа ЗдНоеПп драдас§аз Ў ±±а ЗрФКоСоктКп УксЗСЙл МПкПЙ ® ¶а зрко бк еПкжЙр ЗдвЗзрСЙ ® І±а ЗрФКоСй ЗдЗУКЗРп ЗдгКЗИо ержо ЗдеогКоИЙ ® How many of these can you understand? Can you guess any new words from context? Drill 3. The following passage is extracted from a childrenХs story written in formal Arabic. Notice that it is fully vowelled, to help school-age children learn the correct pronunciation of words, and also to expose them to the grammatical endings of formal Arabic. First, pick out several examples of Damma, fatHa, and kasra as grammatical endings on definite nouns. Then circle all instances of tanwiin endings. 1990 еж вХЙ ўЗдгжТ ЗдеУНиСў¬ ПЗС ЗдевЗХП ддКГдкб иЗдЧИЗЩЙ иЗджФС¬ ИкСиК Drill 4. Circle all occurrences of Зда and the ending алЗ in the following advertisement. Also identify all the words and names you can: еж МСкПЙ ЗдФСв ЗдЗиУЧ ¬ І№№± Drill 5. Read the following names of Arab and other Middle Eastern countries aloud, then identify their location on the map and write the number that corresponds to the location of each. ерХтС аааааааааааа ЗдМаоТЗЖраС аааааааааааа ЩапеЗж аааааааааааа УиСркЗ ааааааааааа ЗдЩраСЗв аааааааааааа КаижраУ аааааааааааа ЗдУсиПЗж аааааааааааа ЗдГ пСПпж аааааааааааа дапИажаЗж аааааааааааа Здкаоеоаж аааааааааааа ваоЧаоС аааааааааааа ЗдаеоаЪСрИ аааааааааааа ЗдУсоаЩаиПрксаЙ аааааааааааа ЗдЕеаЗСЗК аааааааааааа ЗдИоаНтаСоктж аааааааааааа дкаИаткаЗ аааааааааааа ЗдгапиокатК аааааааааааа ЕУтСЗЖкад ибардоУтаЧкж аааааааааааа ЕкаСЗж аааааааааааа КапСгксЗ аааааааааааа еиСкКЗжкЗ аааааааааааа Drill 6. Following is a list of top business schools. 1. Find out: (a) whether your school is listed among them. (b) the top three schools. (c) the top three schools in your geographical area. 2. To which five schools you would apply if you were thinking of business school? 3. Guess the meaning of: (a) гдкЙ _______________ (b) еЩзП _______________ еж еМдЙ ЗдеМдЙ¬ ГкЗС ЁеЗки© ±№№± Drill 7. Read the names of these cars. What do you notice about the spelling of foreign letters and sounds in Arabic? еж МСкПЙ ЗдФСв ЗдЗиУЧ ¬ і№№± Drill 8. Skim through the following ad and sound out the words. What is being advertised here? еж МСкПЙ ЗдФСв ЗдЗиУЧ ¬ І№№± Drill 9. Find a copy of an Arabic newspaper (there may be one in your university library, or in a foreign bookstore or newsstand). Look for words you recognize, such as names, and write out ten. Hint: good places to look are on the front page for names of people and places in the news, and in advertisements, such as the ones you have seen in previous units. Culture ЗдЛвЗбЙ Video Watch Scenes 17 and 18 with your teacher. Visiting Every culture has its own set of expectations and behaviors involving visiting. In Arab culture, hospitality is a highly prized virtue, and when you visit people at their home or workplace, they will generally insist that you at least have something to drink. The most common items offered are coffee, tea, and soft drinks. If you are invited for a meal, expect lots of food, for the hosts will go out of their way to serve you the most lavish meal they can. They will also keep piling food on your plate and insisting that you eat more! When you have had enough to eat, say ЗдНоеПп дрдасаз . You noticed in the video scenes that when the hostess first offered a drink, the guest refused. The initial offer and refusal are somewhat formulaic in Arab culture, and are basically expressions of politeness on both sides. The guest refuses at first because he or she does not want to put the host out, and to show that he or she has not come just to have something to drink. A guest will often refuse several times before accepting. When you are offered something, it is your responsibility as "offeree" not to impose too greatly. The offerer will go out of his or her way to be generous, but that is not an invitation for you to take advantage of the hospitality. Likewise, when you are entertaining, remember to fulfill your role as host by insisting.