INTRODUCTION The Arabic Alphabet There are twenty-eight letters in the Arabic alphabet, and fourteen symbols that function as short vowels and pronunciation markers, or as markers of certain grammatical functions. Units One through Ten will introduce these letters and symbols individually. First, take a look at the alphabet as a whole. The following chart shows the twenty-eight letters. Starting in the upper right-hand corner, read across from right to left, which is the way Arabic is written and read. Listen to the tape as these sounds are pronounced. (The tape symbol indicates that you should listen to the tape.) З И К Л М Н О П Р С Т У Ф Х Ц Ч Ш Щ Ъ б в г д е ж за и к This chart shows the fourteen extra-alphabetical symbols and their names. They include short vowels, pronunciation symbols, grammatical endings, spelling variants, and a consonant that, for historical reasons, was not included with the letters of the alphabet. They will be introduced in Units One through Ten along with the letters of the alphabet. ап ао Damma fatHa ар ат kasra sukuun ас Б shadda hamza В Й madda taa marbuuTa а§ В dagger alif waSla ал ам tanwiin al-fatH tanwiin aD-Damm ан й tanwiin al-kasr alif maqSuura Special Characteristics of the Arabic Script The Arabic alphabet and writing system has four major characteristics that distinguish it from its European counterparts. 1. Arabic is written from right to left. One consequence of this ordering system is that books, newspapers, and magazines open and are read from right to left, rather than left to right. 2. Letters are connected in both print and handwriting, unlike those of the Latin alphabet, which are connected only in handwriting. The following are individual letters which are written one after the other in correct order, but which do not form a word written this way: З д И З И . When they are connected, however, they do spell a word: ЗдИЗИ (Тal-baabУ the door). Notice that not all the letters in this word connect to the following letter. This is a characteristic of some of the letters; you will learn these rules as you learn to write each letter. In the following words, try to identify the nonconnecting letters: еИЗСг ЗУП Ткж ЗдУиПЗж дРкР As you learn the alphabet, note which letters connect and which do not, and when you practice writing, do not lift the pen or pencil from the page until you get to a natural break with a nonconnecting letter. 3. Letters have slightly different shapes depending on where they occur in a word. The chart on page 1 gives the forms of the letters when written independently; these forms vary when the letters are written in initial, medial, and final position. ТInitial positionУ means not connected to a previous letter, Тmedial positionУ indicates that the letter is between two other letters, and Тfinal positionУ means connected to the preceding letter. Most letters have a particularly distinct shape when they occur in final position, similar to the way English can have capital letters at the beginning of words. The chart on page 4 gives you an idea of the extent of this variation. You will see that each letter retains a basic shape throughout; this is the core of the letter. If the letter has dots, their number and position also remain the same. Note that the last three letters, which all connect, appear to have a ТtailУ in their independent and final forms which drops off when they are connected and is replaced by a connecting segment that rests on the line. Try to find the core shape of each letter, its dots, if any, the connecting segments, and the final tail in the following chart. Final position Medial Position Initial Position Independent ааЗ ааЗ З З аК аКаа Ка К аМ аМаа Маа М аЩ аЩаа Щаа Щ As you learn each letter of the alphabet, you will learn to read and write all its various shapes. You will be surprised how quickly you master them, with a little practice! 4. Arabic script consists of two separate ТlayersУ of writing. The basic skeleton of a word is made up of the consonants and long vowels. Short vowels and other pronunciation and grammatical markers are separated from the consonant skeleton of the word. This second layer, called vocalization, is normally omitted in writing, and the reader recognizes words without it. Compare the following two versions of the same text, a line of poetry, the first of which represents the normal way of writing, without vocalization, and the second of which has all the pronunciation markers added: вбЗ жИг еж РгСй НИкИ иежТд ИУвЧ Зддий Икж ЗдПОид бНиеад врбЗ жоИтгр ержт РргтСой НоИркИн иоеожтТрдр ИрУрвтЧр Вддсрий Иоктжо ВдПсоОпидр боНоитеоадр еж еЩдвЙ ЗеСЖ ЗдвкУ Texts normally vocalized include elementary school textbooks, some editions of classical literary texts, and the Quran. In the Quran, the scripture of Islam, this precision has religious significance: the extra markings on the text leave no doubt as to the exact reading intended. Thus the text of the Quran shows full vocalization, as can be seen in the following excerpt. еж ЗдвСВж ЗдгСке¬ УиСЙ ўЗдгЗбСижў In schoolbooks, vowel markings are used to introduce new vocabulary, and to enable the students to learn the correct pronunciation of formal Arabic, with all the correct grammatical endings. The following example is taken from a fourth-grade elementary reader. еж гКЗИ ЗдвСЗБЙ ддХб ЗдСЗИЩ ЗдЗИКПЗЖк ¬ М® І¬ иТЗСЙ ЗдКСИкЙ ЗдУиСкЙ¬ ¶ё№± Thereafter, the students see the words in regular, unvocalized script. You will learn vocabulary the same way. Most books, magazines, and newspapers are unvocalized, as the following newspaper article demonstrates. еж МСкПЙ ЗдФСв ЗдЗиУЧ ¬ ё±ЇµЇі№№± In unvocalized texts, possible ambiguities in form occasionally arise; however, rarely does this result in ambiguous meaning. In this textbook series, vocalization marks will be used when new vocabulary is introduced, but thereafter you will be expected to have memorized the pronunciation of the word, and these marks will be omitted. Since Arabic speakers normally read and write without vocalization, it is best to become accustomed to reading and writing that way from the beginning. Pronunciation of Arabic In addition to the characteristics of the Arabic script, you should also be aware of certain features of the sounds of Arabic. 1. Arabic has a one-to-one correspondence between sound and letter, whereas English spelling often uses one letter or combination of letters to represent several different sounds. Consider the plural marker s in the words dogs and books, and note that the sound of the first is actually z, not s. Compare also the two different sounds spelled as th as in think and those. These are two distinct sounds, and Arabic has two different letters to represent them. American English speakers sometimes confuse pronunciation and spelling without realizing it. For example, think about the word television. This word has been adopted into Arabic and is pronounced something like televizyoon. It is also spelled with the Arabic letter that corresponds to the sound z, because that it the way it is pronounced. English spelling, on the other hand, requires an s, even though there is no s sound in the word. Pay attention to the sounds of the Arabic letters, and avoid associating English letters with them so that you will not confuse the two. 2. The Arabic writing system is regularly phonetic, which means that words are generally written as they are pronounced. Learn to recognize and pronounce the sounds correctly now, and not only will you avoid spelling problems, but you will also learn and retain vocabulary more easily. 3. In general, Arabic sounds use a wider range of mouth and throat positions than English. Be aware of what parts of the mouth you must use to produce these sounds properly from the beginning, when you are able to focus the most attention on them. You will learn to make new sounds, and to do so, you must become familiar with a set of muscles that you use to make sounds like gargling or coughing but not to speak English. Your muscles are capable of making all these sounds, but you must become conscious of what they are doing and you must practice. Just as you must train your arm to hit a tennis ball, you must train your throat to contract or tighten, and this takes constant repetition. You must keep your eye on the ball in tennis, and you must keep your mind on the sounds you are making at all times. With practice, you will gradually be able to do this with less and less effort. Units One through Ten In Units One through Ten, you will learn the basics of reading, writing, and speaking Arabic. Listen to the tape as you read, make a habit of pronouncing out loud everything you write while you are writing it, and practice on your own in addition to doing the drills in the book. The more time you put in now, the less you will have to spend later! ЗдиНПЙ ЗдЗидй UNIT ONE З И К Л и к аао аап аар This unit will introduce you to the first four letters of the Arabic alphabet and to the long and short vowels. З ТalifУ The name of the first letter of the Arabic alphabet is alif. Alif has two main functions, the first of which will be introduced in this unit, and the second in Unit Three. Here we are concerned with its function as a long vowel, whose pronunciation resembles that of a in bad or in father. Say these two words aloud and notice the difference in the quality of the a: the former is pronounced in the front of the mouth, and the latter is deeper and farther back. The pronunciation of alif has this same range. Two factors influence the quality of alif: regional dialect and surrounding consonants. In the Gulf region (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, and neighboring countries), the sound is generally deeper, closer to father, while farther west, in the Mediterranean area, it is more frontal, closer to bad. In addition, certain ТemphaticУ consonant sounds that are pronounced farther back in the mouth can also deepen the sound of alif so that it resembles father. Learning to discern and produce the difference in vowel quality will help you understand, speak, and write Arabic accurately. Listening Exercise 1. To hear the two variants of alif, listen to the following pairs of words on tape. You should be able to distinguish between the frontal alif and the deep alif (remember that the words are read from right to left): КЗИ Ї ЧЗИ УЗН Ї ХЗН ПЗжк Ї ЦЗжк РЗд Ї ШЗде Notice that the first word in each pair above begins with a sound comparable to an English one, whereas the second word begins with a sound that resembles the former but is pronounced with the tongue lower and farther back in the mouth. These latter sounds are called ТemphaticУ consonants, and they affect the pronunciation of the alif. Listening for the difference between frontal and deep alif is the best way to distinguish between emphatic and nonemphatic consonants. We will discuss this point in more depth later when you begin learning the emphatic letters. In the meantime, pay attention to the quality of alif in the words you hear. Drill 1. You will hear twelve words. For each, note whether the alif is frontal (F) or deep (D): 1. ааааааааааааа 5. ааааааааааааа 9. ааааааааааааа 2. ааааааааааааа 6. ааааааааааааа 10. ааааааааааааа 3. ааааааааааааа 7. ааааааааааааа 11. ааааааааааааа 4. ааааааааааааа 8. ааааааааааааа 12. ааааааааааааа In addition to listening for vowel quality, you must also learn to recognize vowel length. Alif is a long vowel, which means that it must be distinguished from its short counterpart, the fatHa (short a vowel). The length of a long vowel should be at least twice that of a short vowel. Remember that English has no long vowels, so Arabic long vowels should sound and feel extra long to you. Do not worry about pronouncing a long vowel Тtoo longУСstretch it out so that you can feel the difference. Listening Exercise 2. Listen to the differences in vowel quality and length in the following pairs of words. The first word in each pair contains an alif, and the second a fatHa. Notice that the alif ranges in sound from a in bad (frontal) to a in father (deep), while the fatHa ranges from e in bet (frontal) to u in but (deep): ИЗК Ї ИоаК УЗП Ї УоП ФЗИ Ї ФаоИ ИЗС Ї ИаоС вЗд Ї ваоад Drill 2. You will hear twelve words. Mark A if you hear alif, or F if you hear fatHa. 1. ааааааааааааа 5. ааааааааааааа 9. ааааааааааааа 2. ааааааааааааа 6. ааааааааааааа 10. ааааааааааааа 3. ааааааааааааа 7. ааааааааааааа 11. ааааааааааааа 4. ааааааааааааа 8. ааааааааааааа 12. ааааааааааааа Writing З З аЗ аЗ In this section you will learn to write the various shapes of the letter alif. The box above contains, reading right to left, the independent, initial, medial, and final shapes of this letter. Alone or at the beginning of a word, the alif is written as a single stroke, drawn from top to bottom, as the arrow in the example shows. Practice on the blank lines below, as shown in the example on the first line, pronouncing alif as you write it. Write the letter as many times as you can in the space provided: When the alif follows another letter, it is written from the bottom up. The previous letter will end in a connecting segment drawn on the line. Start with that segment, then draw the alif from the bottom up as shown: In either case, the alif does not connect to what follows it. After writing the alif, pick your pen up from the page, and start the next letter as if it were the beginning of a new word. Now practice reading alif by circling all of the alifs you can find in the following sentence (taken from 1001 Nights): гЗж кЗ еЗ гЗж бк вПке ЗдТеЗж¬ гЗж КЗМС гЛкС ЗдеЗд иЗдЗЩеЗд ®®® И ТbaaУ The second letter of the Arabic alphabet is pronounced like English b. Listening Exercise 3. Listen to and repeat the following words that contain the sound И : ИЗБ ИЗИ дИжЗж дкИкЗ ИкК НИ Writing И Иа аИа аИ Unlike З , И is a connecting letter, which means that it connects to the letter following it when it occurs at the beginning or in the middle of a word. The four shapes in the box above represent И in independent, initial, medial, and final positions. Notice that the main parts of the letter, the initial tooth and the dot beneath the body, remain constant in all four shapes. Compare the independent and final shapes, and note that both end in a second tooth. Remember that many letters take a characteristic ТtailУ shape in independent and final positions. You can see that this second tooth is the tail of the И . It is not written in initial and medial positions because И connects to the following letter in those cases. When written alone, this letter takes the shape shown at the far right above. Following the steps shown in the example on the first line below, trace the letter with your pencil a few times, then write it. First, write the body: from right to left, begin with a small hook, then continue straight along the line and end with another hook for the tail. After you have finished the body, place the dot underneath as shown. When И is followed by another letter, it connects to that letter by dropping the final hook: Иаа . The exact length of the body depends on the style of the handwriting or print font and may vary a little; copy the size and proportion shown in the example: You can now write the first two letters of the alphabet joined together: ИаЗ . When writing words in Arabic, dots are written last, like dotting the i and crossing the t when writing in cursive English. Copy the example, pronouncing it each time you write: When И occurs in medial position, that is, when connected Иа follows a connecting letter, the connecting segment of that letter connects into the hook at the beginning like this: ааИаа . Copy the example: Final И resembles the independent form with the final hook. This form may be illustrated by writing two И Хs together: ИИ . Copy the example: Now you can write your first word in Arabic: ИЗИ door . Practice writing this word by copying the example shown below, pronouncing it out loud as you write. Remember: do not stop to dot the letters until you have finished the skeletal structure of the entire word. К ТtaaУ The third letter of the alphabet is pronounced like a clear, frontal English t. How many different ways do you pronounce t? Read the following list aloud the way you would normally pronounce the words when speaking: bottle, teeth, automatic. Of these words, most American speakers pronounce the t in teeth farther forward in the mouth, against the back of the teeth. This is the correct position of the tongue for the pronunciation of this Arabic sound; do not confuse it with the flap of the tongue you use to produce automatic. Arabic К must be pronounced with the tip of your tongue against your teeth, but without aspiration. Since К is a frontal letter, the vowel sounds surrounding it are frontal too; in particular, the alif and fatHa (short a) are pronounced like a in bad and e as in bet (not like a in father and u in but). Listening Exercise 4. Listen to the letter К in the following words and repeat. Pay attention to the position of your tongue as you do so and notice the frontal quality of the vowels: КЗБ ИЗК КиК иКП ИжК ФКЗБ Writing К Ка аКа аК This letter has the same shape as the И , and is also a connector. Instead of one dot underneath, however, it is written with two dots above its body: К . In printed text, the two dots are separated, as you see. In handwriting, however, they are usually run together into a short horizontal bar. (Try to write two dots quickly and you will see how this handwriting form developed!) Practice writing the independent К by copying the example, pronouncing it as you write: Now practice writing К in initial and medial positions by copying the word ККИ (tatub) as shown: Practice writing К in final position by copying the word ИК (bit): Drill 3. Dictation. Write the six words you hear on tape. Listen to each word as many times as necessary. 1. аааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааа 4. аааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааа 2. аааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааа 5. аааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааа 3. аааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааа 6. аааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааа Л ТthaaУ The next letter is pronounced like the first sound in three. Do not associate this sound with the English letters th, because the English spelling represents two quite distinct sounds, each of which has an Arabic equivalent. Pronounce three and that out loud several times and compare the way you pronounce them. The letter Л represents the sound in three, not the sound in that. Remember this by reminding yourself that this letter has three dots. If necessary, say three out loud before pronouncing or reading Л . Drill 4. Make sure you know the difference between the sounds in three and that. Say the following words out loud and group them below according to the sound they contain: they thumb teeth there throb thus although think through brother together thought weather bother theft then depth rather three : _________________________________________________________________ that : _________________________________________________________________ Listening Exercise 5. Listen to the letter Л in these words and repeat: ЛЗБ ЛЗИК КЛИК ЗЛЗЛ ИЛ еЛЗд Writing Л Ла аЛа аЛ This letter is a connector, and is written just like И and К in all positions, except that it takes three dots above. In print, the three dots appear as you see above; in handwriting, the three dots are usually connected and written as a caret-shaped mark as shown in the example. Practice writing and saying independent Л: Copy and practice initial Ла in the male name ЛаЗИаК (Thaabit): Practice writing medial аЛа in the word КаЛИаК (tathbut): Write final аЛ by copying the word КаИаЛ (tabuth): Drill 5. You will hear six words. Circle the word that you hear in each line: 1. ИЗИ ИЗК 4. КИ ИЛ 2. ЛИЗК ИКЗК 5. ИЗЛЛ ЛЗИК 3. ЛЗИ КЗИ 6. ЛИК КИК ИСЗбиЎ (Bravo!) You have learned the first four letters of the Arabic alphabet. The next letters in sequence will be presented in Unit Two. Now we will skip ahead to the other two long vowels, and the symbols for the corresponding short vowels. и long vowel "oo" This letter represents the second of the three long vowels in Arabic. It is pronounced like the exclamation of delight: ooooo! Practice saying this sound and stretch it out, just like you would the exclamation. Remember that the pronunciation of и , like that of alif, should be twice as long as normal English vowels. Listening Exercise 6. Listen to and repeat the following words containing и : КиК КЗИиК ЛИиК КижУ КНИи УиСЙ Writing и и аи аи As you can see in the chart above, the shapes of и do not vary much. Like З , и does not connect to a following letter. To write independent or initial и, start on the line, loop clockwise to the left and up, then swing down into the tail, which should dip well below the line. Copy the example: When writing и connected to a previous letter, the joining segment leads into the beginning point of the loop. Copy the example: Now practice writing and pronouncing some of the words you heard above. Copy the examples: Drill 6. Dictation. Write the words you hear on tape. 1. аааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааа 4. аааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааа 2. аааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааа 5. аааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааа 3. аааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааа 6. аааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааа к long vowel "ee" This letter represents the last of the three long vowels, the sound of ee in beep. Remember that this is a long vowelСhold this sound for twice as long as you would hold ee in words like beep, street, etc. Listening Exercise 7. Listen to and repeat the following words containing к : КиИк КЛИкК дкИк КЛИКк Пкж Пкг Writing к ка ака ак As you can see in the box, the independent and final forms of к differ slightly from the initial and medial forms. Like И , К , and Л , which it resembles in its initial and medial shapes, this letter is a connecting one. All shapes of к retain the two dots below, but, in handwriting, the two dots underneath are usually drawn as a short horizontal bar, just like the dots on top of К . To write independent к , start above the line, and make the top half of an s down to the line. Continue below the line into a wide, flat curve as shown, making sure to bring the tail all the way back up over the line: In final position, start from the connecting segment on the line, then make a small hook into the body. In this position, the letter is almost entirely below the line, and has only a small curved hook before dipping into the wide flat curve. Practice copying and pronouncing ак and bring the tail all the way back up over the line: When к occurs at the beginning or in the middle of a word, it takes the same shape as К , except that its two dots are below the body of the letter. Copy the example of initial ка : Now practice writing medial ака in the word КЛИкК (tathbeet): аао аап аар the short vowels Each of the long vowels З , и , and к has a short vowel that corresponds to it. These short vowels may be indicated in Arabic script by markings written above or below the letter they follow. Remember that they are usually not written at all; you have been writing words without them so far. The length of the short vowels corresponds to the length of most English vowels, and the length of the long vowels should be at least double that. It is important to learn to distinguish between the two lengths in listening and in speaking, for that difference often marks a difference in meaning. Drill 7. Listen to the pairs of words and repeat. Circle the letter corresponding to the word that contains a long vowel. 1. a b 4. a b 2. a b 5. a b 3. a b 6. a b Syllables in Arabic always begin with a consonant. By convention, short vowels are written above or below the consonant they follow. Writing vowels is the third and final step in writing a wordСif they are written at allСafter both the skeleton and the dots have been completed. The names of the short vowels are fatHa, Damma, and kasra. They correspond to long vowels aa, oo, and ee respectively. аао ТfatHaУ The short vowel that corresponds to alif is called fatHa. Like its long counterpart alif, fatHa ranges in quality from frontal to deep, depending on the quality of the consonants surrounding it. In its most frontal position, fatHa sounds like English e as in bed. Deep fatHa sounds like English u in but. Consonants К , И , and Л are frontal ones, so they give fatHa a frontal quality, like e in bed. Listening Exercise 8. Listen to and repeat the following words that contain alif and fatHa. Pay special attention to the difference in vowel length. ЛЗИоК КЗИо ИЗКоК КЗИоК ЛаоИаЗК FatHa is written as a small slanted dash above the consonant it follows, as in the example ЛоИоКо . Copy: Drill 8. Listen to the words on tape, and write аао where you hear it: 1. КаЛаИакаК 3. ИаЗК 5. ЛаИаК 2. ИаКаЗК 4. ЛаИаЗК 6. ЛаЗИаК аап ТDammaУ The short vowel that corresponds to и is called Damma, and is pronounced like oo as in booth when following frontal consonants. When it is affected by deep consonants, it is a little bit deeper, somewhat like oo in wool. Listening Exercise 9. Listen to and repeat the following words containing Damma: КапИ ИпаЛ ЛапИиК НапИиИ ХапИ КаоЛаИапК Make a special effort to pronounce this vowel clearly, and do not confuse it with English o and u, which represent many different sounds, few of which resemble ап . For example, u in words like but and gum actually represents the sound of a deep fatHa, not a Damma. Damma is written like a miniatureи on top of the letter it follows, as in the word КапИ. Practice writing ап as shown: аар ТkasraУ The short vowel that corresponds to к is called kasra, and its pronunciation ranges from frontal ee as in keep to deep i as in bit. As with fatHa and Damma, the exact pronunciation of kasra depends on surrounding consonants. Frontal consonants like К and Л give kasra a frontal quality. Listening Exercise 10. Listen to and repeat the following words containing kasra: ЛарИ КапЛИарКк ИарК ЧарИ КапНраИ гарКЗИк Kasra is written as a small slanted dash under the letter it follows, as in ЛраИ . Copy the example: Drill 9. In the following schoolbook text, find five examples of each the short vowels and circle all the consonants you recognize. гпСоЙп ЗдУсоадсоаЙр жоТодо ЗдКсодЗекРп Ердй еодЩоИр ЗдаеоПСоУоЙр боСрНкжо ¬ иоЗдНоеЗУоЙп КоедГ жпбпиУозпе® боПоСУп ЗдСсркЗЦоЙр Здкоиео епИЗСЗЙ бк гпСоЙр ЗдУсодсоЙр ¬ Иокжо боСкв ЗдвпеХЗжр ЗдНоеСЗБр ¬ ибоСкв ЗдвпеХЗжр ЗдОоЦСЗБ ® еж гКЗИ ЗдвСЗБЙ ддХб ЗдСЗИЩ ЗдЗИКПЗЖк ¬ М® І¬ иТЗСЙ ЗдКСИкЙ ЗдУиСкЙ¬ ¶ё№± Drill 10. You will hear twelve words. For each, mark L if you hear one of the long vowels (З , и , or к). Mark S if the word has only short vowels (fatHa, Damma, or kasra). 1. ааааааааааааа 5. ааааааааааааа 9. ааааааааааааа 2. ааааааааааааа 6. ааааааааааааа 10. ааааааааааааа 3. ааааааааааааа 7. ааааааааааааа 11. ааааааааааааа 4. ааааааааааааа 8. ааааааааааааа 12. ааааааааааааа Drill 11. Listen to the following words on tape and write the short vowels that you hear: 1. ЛаИаКаК 3. КаИакаК 5. КаЛаИаК 2. КааИааК 4. КаКаиИ 6. ЛааИаиК Drill 12. Dictation. Write the words you hear on tape. 1. ааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааа 5. ааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааа 2. ааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааа 6. ааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааа 3. ааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааа 7. ааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааа 4. ааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааа 8. ааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааа Drill 13. Read the following words aloud: 1. ИоЛ 5. ЛаоИаЗК 9. КиИак 2. ИаЗИак 6. КаоИаЗК 10. КакКаи 3. КапЛИарК 7. КЗИЗ 11. ЛЗИоаК 4. ЛапИ 8. ЛЗИарК 12. КоЛИкК Read and learn this word: ИЗИ Drill 14. Connect the letters to form words, as shown in the example. Sound the words out as you write them. Example: аааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааа = К « З « И 1. ааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааа = И « З « К « З 2. ааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааа = Ло « И « З « К « к 3. ааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааа = И « З « И « З 4. ааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааа = Ло « Ио « Ко 5. ааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааа = И « З « И « к 6. ааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааа = К « и « И « к 7. ааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааа = Кп « И « Ко 8. ааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааа = К « и « И « З 9. ааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааа = Кп « Л « Ир « К « к 10. ааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааа = Ко « И « к « К 11. ааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааа = И « к « К « к Culture ЗдЛвЗбЙ In this section you will learn greetings and frequently used phrases in the spoken Arabic of Cairo by watching a video tape with your teacher. The scenes you will watch were filmed in Cairo and are meant to provide an introduction to certain aspects of Arab culture. We have chosen the Cairene dialect because it is the most widely understood dialect in the Arab world, and because almost one in every three Arabs is Egyptian. A few of the words you will learn from the dialogues may vary slightly in other dialects, but the transition is not difficult to make. (If you have friends from other countries, you can ask them to teach you the varieties they use.) Watch the scenes with your teacher, who will help you understand and learn the expressions. Watch each dialogue several times, first to understand what is being said, and then to concentrate on exactly how it is being said. Remember that you learned your native language by listening and imitating! Video Watch Scenes 1 and 2 on the video tape with your teacher. HaDritak / HaDritik In Egypt, when meeting someone for the first time, or addressing someone senior to you in age or position, or someone you do not know well, it is impolite to address him or her as Тyou.У Address men with the word HaDritak (literally your presence), and women with HaDritik, to show respect.