ÇäáÙä ÇäÃÌèá Hollow verbs The term áÙä ÃÌèá refers to verbs whose middle root letter is either è or ê. You know several of these verbs already, and you have noticed that they are conjugated just like other verbs except that (a) they have two different åÇÖê stems (the verb ãÇæî, for example, has stems ãÇæà and -ãïæà), and (b) the long vowel of ÇäåÖÇÑÙ stem always shortens before a sukuun (remember that most singular ÇäåÖÇÑÙ ÇäåÌÒèå verbs end in sukuun). Study sentences ¨¶©¨±© : ¨±© äå Êîãïæò çÐç Ãèä åÑÉ ÃÓÇáÑ áêçÇ Åäé ÇäÃÑÏæ ® ¨²© äå ÃÓÊ×Ùò ÇäÍÖèÑ ® ¨³© äå êãèæèÇ åÓÊÙÏêæ ääÓáÑ ® ¨´© äå êÓÊ×êÙèÇ ÇäÙèÏÉ Åäé ÈäÏçå ÈÓÈÈ ÇäÍÑÈ ® ¨µ© äå êÌðÆæî ¬ èäÇ êÓÊ×ðÙæî Ãæ êãïæñî åÙæÇ Çäêèå ® ¨¶© äå ÊÙðÔæî áê çÐÇ ÇäåãÇæ ¬ áäÇ ÊÓÊ×Ùæî Ãæ Êâïäæî ÔêÆÇ Ùæç ® Sentences ¨±© and ¨²© above contain verbs in ÇäåÖÇÑÙ ÇäåÌÒèå whose stems end in sukuun. Therefore, the long vowel before the sukuun shortens from àè to ààï in ¨±© and from àêà to ààð in ¨²©. The verb stems in ¨³© and ¨´© do not end in sukuun, so the long vowels do not shorten. In ¨µ© and ¨¶©, you can see that the åÖÇÑÙ stem for ÃæÊæñ and çæñ always ends in sukuun and thus those conjugations always have a short vowel. It is possible to learn to conjugate ÃÌèá verbs by memorizing charts. You have already learned a great deal about ÇäáÙä ÇäÃÌèá through this approach, learning one verb at a time. It is also possible to learn how to conjugate these verbs by learning one simple rule and using it to derive what you do not know from what you already do. The simple rule that will help you conjugate all ÃÌèá verbs correctly is: When sukuun occurs on a stem containing a long vowel, the vowel shortens. For example, the åÖÇÑÙ åÌÒèå stems of most singular verbs end in sukuun, and these verbs all have shortened stems: ¨ÃæÇå© « ò Ñ¾ äå Ãæîå ¨ææÇå© « ò Ñ¾ äå ææîå ¨ÊæÇå© « ò Ñ¾ äå Êæîå Stems that take suffixes beginning with a long vowel do not shorten: ¨êæÇå© « èÇ Ñ¾ äå êæÇåèÇ ¨ÊæÇå© «ê Ñ¾ äå ÊæÇåê Use the vowel shortening rule to complete the following chart that will show which ÇäåÖÇÑÙ ÇäåÌÒèå stems shorten: ÇäåÖÇÑÙ ÇäåÌÒèå çàè Ñ¾ äå ¨êÓÊ×êÙ© « ò Ñ¾ äå êÓÊ×ðÙò çåàÇ Ñ¾ äå ¨êÓÊ×êÙ© «Ç Ñ¾ äå êÓÊ×êÙÇ çàå Ñ¾ äå ¨êÓÊ×êÙ© «èÇ Ñ¾ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà çê Ñ¾ äå ¨ÊÓÊ×êÙ© « ò Ñ¾ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà çåàÇ Ñ¾ äå ¨ÊÓÊ×êÙ© « Ç Ñ¾ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà çàæñ Ñ¾ äå ¨êÓÊ×êÙ© « æî Ñ¾ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÃæÊî Ñ¾ äå ¨ÊÓÊ×êÙ© « ò Ñ¾ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÃæÊåÇ Ñ¾ äå ¨ÊÓÊ×êÙ© « Ç Ñ¾ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÃæÊå Ñ¾ äå ¨ÊÓÊ×êÙ© « èÇ Ñ¾ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÃæÊð Ñ¾ äå ¨ÊÓÊ×êÙ© « ê Ñ¾ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÃæÊåÇ Ñ¾ äå ¨ÊÓÊ×êÙ© « Ç Ñ¾ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÃæÊæñ Ñ¾ äå ¨ÊÓÊ×êÙ© « æî Ñ¾ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÃæàÇ Ñ¾ äå ¨ÃÓÊ×êÙ© « ò Ñ¾ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà æÍæ Ñ¾ äå ¨æÓÊ×êÙ© « ò Ñ¾ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà You can also use the rule: long vowel + sukuun Ñ> short vowel to form stems for åÇÖê verbs. Complete the chart that will show which åÇÖê stems have short vowels: çè Ñ¾ ¨ÃÑÇÏ© « î Ñ¾ ÃÑÇÏî ÃæÊð Ñ¾ ¨ÃÑÇÏ© « òÊð Ñ¾ àààààààààààààààààààààààà çåÇ Ñ¾ ¨ÃÑÇÏ© « Ç Ñ¾ àààààààààààààààààààààààà ÃæÊåÇ Ñ¾ ¨ÃÑÇÏ© « òÊåÇ Ñ¾ àààààààààààààààààààààààà çå Ñ¾ ¨ÃÑÇÏ© « èÇ Ñ¾ àààààààààààààààààààààààà ÃæÊæñ Ñ¾ ¨ÃÑÇÏ© « òÊæñî Ñ¾ àààààààààààààààààààààààà çê Ñ¾ ¨ÃÑÇÏ© « îÊ Ñ¾ àààààààààààààààààààààààà ÃæÇ Ñ¾ ¨ÃÑÇÏ© « òÊï Ñ¾ àààààààààààààààààààààààà çåÇ Ñ¾ ¨ÃÑÇÏ© « îÊÇ Ñ¾ àààààààààààààààààààààààà æÍæ Ñ¾ ¨ÃÑÇÏ© « òæÇ Ñ¾ àààààààààààààààààààààààà çæñ Ñ¾ ¨ÃÑÇÏ© « òæî Ñ¾ ÃÑîÏæî ÃæÊî Ñ¾ ¨ÃÑÇÏ© « òÊî Ñ¾ àààààààààààààààààààààààà ÃæÊåÇÑ¾ ¨ÃÑÇÏ© « òÊåÇ Ñ¾ àààààààààààààààààààààààà ÃæÊå Ñ¾ ¨ÃÑÇÏ© « òÊå Ñ¾ àààààààààààààààààààààààà The ÃèÒÇæ affected by these rules are given below with an example for each stem. The two ÇäåÇÖê stems are given using çè and ÃæÇ as examples; you can derive the rest. Learn these verbs to use as models: ÇäèÒæ ÇäåÇÖê ÇäåÖÇÑÙ ÇäåÖÇÑÙ ÇäåÌÒèå çè ÃæÇ áÙä êáÙïä ãÇæ ãïæÊ Ããèæ Ããïæò áÙä êáÙîä æÇå æðåÊ ÃæÇå Ãæîåò áÙä êáÙðä ÙÇÔ ÙðÔÊ ÃÙêÔ ÃÙðÔò ÃáÙä ÃÑÇÏ ÃÑîÏÊ ÃÑêÏ ÃÑðÏò ÇæáÙä ÇæâÇÏ ÇæâîÏÊ ÃæâÇÏ ÃæâîÏò ÇáÊÙä ÇÍÊÇÌ ÇÍÊîÌÊ ÃÍÊÇÌ ÃÍÊîÌò ÇÓÊáÙä ÇÓÊ×ÇÙ ÇÓÊ×îÙÊï ÃÓÊ×êÙ ÃÓÊ×ðÙò The derivations of ÇÓå ÇäáÇÙä , ÇÓå ÇäåáÙèä , ÇäåÕÏÑ , and ÇäåÈæê ääåÌçèä also follow regular patterns. You need to know that the ÇÓå áÇÙä of Form I èÒæ áÙä is formed with çåÒÉ as these examples show: ¨êÙèÏ© ÙÇÆðÏ ¨êÒèÑ© ÒÇÆðÑ ¨êâèå© âÇÆðå ¨êæÇå© æÇÆðå The ÇÓå áÇÙä of the other ÃèÒÇæ may easily be derived from ÇäåÖÇÑÙ . Learn ÇäåÕÏÑ patterns by learning ÇäåÕÏÑ of familiar verbs. We will return to ÇÓå ÇäåáÙèä and ÇäåÈæê ääåÌçèä later; for now, focus on mastering the conjugation of the regular åÇÖê and åÖÇÑÙ verbs. On the following pages you will find charts giving the full conjugation of the verbs âÇå , ÃÑÇÏ , and ÇÍÊÇÌ . You may use these verbs as models for all ÃáÙÇä ÌèáÇÁ . However, it is best to avoid becoming dependent on charts. If you learn to derive verbs using the vowel shortening rule, you need only memorize the stem patterns for each èÒæ (except for èÒæ áÙä in which case the vowel is unpredictable and must be memorized for each verb). ÊÕÑêá èÒæ ˜áÙäŒ ÊÕÑêá áÙä ˜âÇåŒ ÇäåÕÏÑº ÇäâðêÇå ÇäÖåêÑ ÇäåÇÖê ÇäåÖÇÑÙ ÇäåÑáèÙ ÇäåÖÇÑÙ ÇäåæÕèÈ ÇäåÖÇÑÙ ÇäåÌÒèå çè âÇåî êîâèåï êîâèåî êîâïåò çåÇ âÇåÇ êîâèåÇæ ð êîâèåÇ êîâèåÇ çå âÇåèÇ êîâèåèæî êîâèåèÇ êîâèåèÇ çê âÇåîÊò Êîâèåï Êîâèåî Êîâïåò çåÇ âÇåîÊÇ ÊîâèåÇæð ÊîâèåÇ ÊîâèåÇ çïæñî âïåòæî êîâïåòæî êîâïåòæî êîâïåòæî ÇæÊî âïåòÊî Êîâèåï Êîâèåî Êîâïåò ÇæÊåÇ âïåòÊïåÇ ÊîâèåÇæð ÊîâèåÇ ÊîâèåÇ ÇæÊå âïåòÊïåò Êîâèåèæî ÊîâèåèÇ ÊîâèåèÇ ÇæÊð âïåòÊð Êîâèåêæî Êîâèåê Êîâèåê ÇæÊåÇ âïåòÊïåÇ ÊîâèåÇæð ÊîâèåÇ ÊîâèåÇ ÇæòÊæñî âïåòÊïæñî Êîâïåòæî Êîâïåòæî Êîâïåòæî ÇæÇ âïåòÊï Ãîâèåï Ãîâèåî Ãîâïåò æÍæ âïåòæÇ æîâèåï æîâèåî æîâïåò ÊÕÑêá èÒæîêò ˜ÃáÙäŒ è˜ÇÓÊáÙäŒ ÇäåÇÖê stem vowel º àÇ ¯ àîà ÇäåÖÇÑÙ stem vowel º àêàà ¯ àðà ÊÕÑêá áÙä ˜ÃîÑÇÏîŒ ÇäåÕÏÑ º ÇäÅÑÇÏÉ ÇäÖåêÑ ÇäåÇÖê ÇäåÖÇÑÙ ÇäåÑáèÙ ÇäåÖÇÑÙ ÇäåæÕèÈ ÇäåÖÇÑÙ ÇäåÌÒèå çè ÃîÑÇÏî êïÑêÏï êïÑêÏî êïÑðÏò çåÇ ÃîÑÇÏÇ êïÑêÏÇæð êïÑêÏÇ êïÑêÏÇ çå ÃîÑÇÏèÇ êïÑêÏèæî êïÑêÏèÇ êïÑêÏèÇ çê ÃîÑÇÏîÊ ÊïÑêÏï ÊïÑêÏî ÊïÑðÏò çåÇ ÃîÑÇÏîÊÇ ÊïÑêÏÇæð ÊïÑêÏÇ ÊïÑêÏÇ çïæñî ÃîÑîÏòæî êïÑðÏòæî êïÑðÏòæî êïÑðÏòæî ÃæÊî ÃîÑîÏòÊî ÊïÑêÏï ÊïÑêÏî ÊïÑðÏò ÃæÊåÇ ÃîÑîÏòÊïåÇ ÊïÑêÏÇæð ÊïÑêÏÇ ÊïÑêÏÇ ÃæÊå ÃîÑîÏòÊïå ÊïÑêÏèæî ÊïÑêÏèÇ ÊïÑêÏèÇ ÃæÊð ÃîÑîÏòÊð ÊïÑêÏêæî ÊïÑêÏê ÊïÑêÏê ÃæÊåÇ ÃîÑîÏòÊïåÇ ÊïÑêÏÇæð ÊïÑêÏÇ ÊïÑêÏÇ ò ÃæòÊæñî ÃîÑîÏòÊïæñî ÊïÑðÏòæî ÊïÑðÏòæî ÊïÑðÏòæî ÃæÇ ÃîÑîÏòÊï ÃïÑêÏï ÃïÑêÏî ÃïÑðÏò æÍæ ÃîÑîÏòæÇ æïÑêÏï æïÑêÏî æïÑðÏò ÊÕÑêá èÒæîêò ˜ÇáÊÙäŒ è˜ÇæáÙäŒ ÇäåÇÖê èÇäåÖÇÑÙ stem vowelsº Ç ¯ àîà ÊÕÑêá áÙä ˜ÇÍòÊîÇÌîŒ ÇäåÕÏÑ º ÇäÇðÍÊðêÇÌ ÇäÖåêÑ ÇäåÇÖê ÇäåÖÇÑÙ ÇäåÑáèÙ ÇäåÖÇÑÙ ÇäåæÕèÈ ÇäåÖÇÑÙ ÇäåÌÒèå çè ÇÍòÊÇÌî êîÍòÊÇÌï êîÍòÊÇÌî êîÍòÊîÌò çåÇ ÇÍòÊÇÌÇ êîÍòÊÇÌÇæð êîÍòÊÇÌÇ êîÍòÊÇÌÇ çå ÇÍòÊÇÌèÇ êîÍòÊÇÌèæî êîÍòÊÇÌèÇ êîÍòÊÇÌèÇ çê ÇÍòÊÇÌîÊ ÊîÍòÊÇÌï ÊîÍòÊÇÌî ÊîÍòÊîÌò çåÇ ÇÍòÊÇÌîÊÇ ÊîÍòÊÇÌÇæð ÊîÍòÊÇÌÇ ÊîÍòÊÇÌÇ çïæñî ÇÍòÊîÌòæî êîÍòÊîÌòæî êîÍòÊîÌòæî êîÍòÊîÌòæî ÃæÊî ÇÍòÊîÌÊî ÊîÍòÊÇÌï ÊîÍòÊÇÌî ÊîÍòÊîÌò ÃæÊåÇ ÇÍòÊîÌòÊåÇ ÊîÍòÊÇÌÇæð ÊîÍòÊÇÌÇ ÊîÍòÊÇÌÇ ÃæÊå ÇÍòÊîÌòÊïå ÊîÍòÊÇÌèæî ÊîÍòÊÇÌèÇ ÊîÍòÊÇÌèÇ ÃæÊð ÇÍòÊîÌòÊð ÊîÍòÊÇÌêæî ÊîÍòÊÇÌê ÊîÍòÊÇÌê ÃæÊåÇ ÇÍòÊîÌòÊåÇ ÊîÍòÊÇÌÇæð ÊîÍòÊÇÌÇ ÊîÍòÊÇÌÇ ò ÃæòÊæñî ÇÍòÊîÌòÊïæñî ÊîÍòÊîÌòæî ÊîÍòÊîÌòæ ÊîÍòÊîÌòæ ÃæÇ ÇÍòÊîÌòÊï ÃîÍòÊÇÌï ÃîÍòÊÇÌî ÃîÍòÊîÌòò æÍæ ÇÍòÊîÌòæÇ æîÍòÊÇÌï æîÍòÊÇÌî æîÍòÊîÌò ÊåÑêæ ´± Write out conjugation charts for the following verbs, including ÇÓå ÇäáÇÙä : ±à ÓÇâ ¨è© to drive ´à ÃÏÇÑ ¨ÎåæèÇ ÇäåÙæé© ²à ×ÇÑ ¨ê© ¨ÎåæèÇ ÇäåÙæé© µà ÇÙÊÇÏ to ¨ÙÇÏÉ© to become accustomed ³à ÃËÇÑ ¶à ÇÓÊÙÇÏ of ¨ÙèÏÉ© to seek the return ÊåÑêæ µ± ÇãÊÈèÇ ÇäáÙä áê ÇäÔãä ÇäÕÍêÍ º ±à äè ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà åæÐ ÓÇÙÉ äÔÇÑãÊæÇ ÙÔÇÁë ×êÈëÇ ¡ ¨ÌÇÁ© ²à ÃÑêÏ Ãæ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÙÇÆäÊê äÃæê äå ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà àààààààà åæÐ ÓæÉ èæÕá® ¨ÒÇÑ© ³à äå ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÇäãÊÇÈ ÖÌÉ ÙæÏ ØçèÑç èäãæ ÇäÖÌÉ ÈÏÃÊ áêåÇ ÈÙÏ ® ¨ÃËÇÑ© ´à Ãäå àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà çÐÇ ÇäåèÖèÙ ÈÃæáÓãæñ ¿¡ ¨ÇÎÊÇÑ© µà êÌÈ Ãæ æÓÑÙ¡ åæ ÇäÖÑèÑê Ãæ ààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÙæÏçå áê ÇäÈêÊ âÈä ÇäÓÇÈÙÉ¡ ¨ãÇæ© ¶à äå àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà Ãæ æÕÍè åÈãñÑëÇ ÍÊé ÇäÂæ ¡ ¨ÇÙÊÇÏ© ·à êÈÏè Ãæã ÊÙÈÇæÉ ¬ Ãäå àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÌêÏëÇ ¿ ¨æÇå© ¸à ÈÙÏ Ãæ ÍÕäÊ Ùäé åæÕÈ çÇåñ áê ÈÇÑêÓ âÑÑÊ ÃäÇñ ààààààààààààààààààààààààà Åäé ÇäåÚÑÈ ® ¨ÙÇÏ© ¹à ÅÐÇ äå àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà áê ÇäÔÑâ ÇäÅèÓ× áãêá êåãæãå Ãæ ÊáçåèÇ ÇäËâÇáÉ ¿ ¨ÙÇÔ© °±à áê ãä ÓæÉ ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÇäåæØåÇÊ Çä×äÇÈêÉ ÇÍÊáÇäÇ ãÈêÑÇ ¬ èäãæ äÃÓÈÇÈ äÇ æÙÑáçÇ äå ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà èÇÍÏëÇ çÐÇ ÇäÙÇå ® ¨ÃâÇå© ±±à Êâèä ÇäæÓÇÁ Åæçæñ äÇ àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà Åäé ÇäÑÌÇä ¡ ¨ÇÍÊÇÌ© ²±à äåÇÐÇ äå àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà äê Ãæã ÓÊÊÑãêæ Ùåäã ¿¡ ¨âÇä© ³±à ÃÕÈÍ ÇÓÊÇÐÇ ÑÚå Ãæç äå àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÈÃê ÈÍË Ùäåê åæÐ ÓæèÇÊ ×èêäÉ ® ¨âÇå© ´±à ÅÐÇ äå ààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà Ãæ æÍä åÔãäÊæÇ åÙ ÕÇÍÈ ÇäÈêÊ áÓææÊâä Åäé ÈêÊ ÂÎÑ® ¨ÇÓÊ×ÇÙ© µ±à äå àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà ÙÏÏ ÇäÓãÇæ áê ÇäèäÇêÇÊ ÇäÔåÇäêÉ áê ÇäÓæèÇÊ ÇäÃÎêÑÉ ® ¨ÒÇÏ©